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Anatomy Exam 4 > Ch. 17 (end) and 18 > Flashcards

Ch. 17 (end) and 18 Flashcards

1
Q

The receptors responsible for auditory sensations are located in a structure called the __________.

-spiral ganglion
-spiral organ
-scala vestibuli
-tectorial membrane

A

spiral organ

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2
Q

When you spin quickly, you may feel dizzy. Which component of the inner ear generates the sensations that can lead to this feeling?

-otoliths
-spiral organ
-semicircular canals
-ossicles
-maculae

A

semicircular canals

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3
Q

Sound waves are converted into mechanical movements by the

-auditory ossicles
-tympanic membrane
-cochlea
-round window
-oval window

A

tympanic membrane

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4
Q

The following is a list of the steps that occur in the production of an auditory sensation. What is the proper sequence for these steps?

  1. The pressure wave distorts the basilar membrane on its way to the round window.
  2. Movement of the tympanic membrane causes displacement of the malleus.
  3. Displacement of the stereocilia stimulates sensory neurons of the cochlear nerve.
  4. Movement of the malleus causes movement of the incus and stapes.
  5. Distortion of the basilar membrane forces the hair cells of the spiral organ to vibrate against the tectorial membrane.
  6. Movement of the oval window establishes pressure waves in the perilymph of the scala vestibuli.
A

2, 4, 6, 1, 5, 3

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5
Q

The frequency of a perceived sound depends on

-which part of the cochlear duct is stimulated.
-the movement of perilymph in the cochlear duct.
-the frequency of vibration of the tectorial membrane.
-the frequency of stereocilia vibration.
-the number of hair cells that are stimulated.

A

which part of the cochlear duct is stimulated.

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6
Q

The structure attached to the oval window that transmits vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear is the

-auditory tube
-basilar membrane
-incus
-stapes
-malleus

A

stapes

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7
Q

The function of the auditory tube is to

-redistribute endolymph after hearing a sound.
-help maintain equilibrium.
-provide a passageway for sound waves to enter the ear.
-amplify sounds.
-equalize air pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane.

A

equalize air pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane.

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8
Q

The energy from a pressure wave in the cochlear fluid is released by the bulging and stretching of the

-round window
-vestibular membrane
-oval window
-cochlear duct
-tectorial membrane

A

round window

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9
Q

Our inner ear is protected from very loud noises by

-the tensory tympani stiffening the tympanic membrane and the stapedius reducing movement of the stapes.
-cerumen in the auditory canal.
-contraction of the auditory tube.
-the tensor tympani stiffening the tympanic membrane.
-the stapedius reducing movement of the stapes.

A

the tensory tympani stiffening the tympanic membrane and the stapedius reducing movement of the stapes.

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10
Q

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term basilar membrane?

-covers over the oval window
-moves up and down due to currents in the perilymph
-transmits movement of the tympanic membrane to the inner ear
-supports the olfactory organ
-tiny duct necessary for the static sense of equilibrium

A

moves up and down due to currents in the perilymph

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11
Q

As the stapes vibrates the oval window, pressure waves first begin

-in the endolymph of the scala tympani.
-in the perilymph of the scala vestibuli.
-in the endolymph of the cochlear duct.
-in the endolymph of the scala vestibuli.
-in the perilymph of the scala tympani.

A

in the perilymph of the scala vestibuli.

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12
Q

Perception of gravity and linear acceleration depends on

-the movement of endolymph within the semicircular canals.
-changes in the pressure exerted by the ampullary cupula on hair cells.
-the bending of hair cells in the ampullae.
-vibrations of the tectorial membrane striking hair cells.
-the force exerted by otoliths on hair cells of the maculae.

A

the force exerted by otoliths on hair cells of the maculae.

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13
Q

The ________ convey(s) information about head position with respect to gravity.

-utricle
-saccule
-ampulla
-cochlea
-utricle and the saccule

A

utricle and the saccule

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14
Q

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term stereocilia?

-transmit movement of the tympanic membrane to the inner ear
-bending these produces receptor potential in hair cells
-seal the oval window
-move up and down when the stapes moves back and forth
-tiny weights necessary for the static sense of equilibrium

A

bending these produces receptor potential in hair cells

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15
Q

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term otoliths?

-tiny weights necessary for the static sense of equilibrium
-seal the oval window
-transmit movement of the tympanic membrane to the inner ear
-bending these produces receptor potential in hair cells
-move up and down when the stapes moves back and forth

A

tiny weights necessary for the static sense of equilibrium

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16
Q

Conflicting sensory information from visual and movement signals may cause

-ringing in the ears.
-temporary deafness.
-enhanced hearing.
-motion sickness.
-difficulty hearing low tones.

A

motion sickness.

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17
Q

Endocrine cells

-are modified connective tissue cells.
-release their secretions onto an epithelial surface.
-are a type of nerve cell.
-contain few vesicles.
-release their secretions directly into body fluids such as blood.

A

release their secretions directly into body fluids such as blood.

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18
Q

________ are chemical messengers that are released by cells and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues.

-Neurotransmitters
-Humoral antibodies
-Neuropeptides
-Antigens
-Hormones

A

Hormones

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19
Q

Which of the following is not true regarding target cells?

-They have receptors for a specific hormone.
-They can respond to more than one hormone if they have receptors for each one.
-If a target cell lacks receptors for a hormone then it cannot bind that hormone.
-They are associated with synapses.
-They can be anywhere in the body.

A

They are associated with synapses.

20
Q

Which of the following statements would NOT be considered a mechanism of action of hormones?

-Increase or decrease the rate of synthesis of a particular enzyme or other protein by changing the rate of transcription or translation.
-Adjacent cells coordinate cellular activities by exchanging ions and molecules across gap junctions.
-Stimulate the synthesis of an enzyme or a structural protein not already present in the cytoplasm by activating appropriate genes in the cell nucleus.
-Turn an existing enzyme or membrane channel “on” or “off” by changing its shape or structure.

A

Adjacent cells coordinate cellular activities by exchanging ions and molecules across gap junctions.

21
Q

Compared to the endocrine system, the nervous system is __________.

-briefer in action
-more localized in action
-more rapidly acting
-all of the listed characteristics

A

all of the listed characteristics

22
Q

Peptide hormones are

-derived from the amino acid tyrosine.
-lipids.
-chemically related to cholesterol.
-produced by the adrenal glands.
-composed of amino acids.

A

composed of amino acids.

23
Q

When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, the

-cell becomes inactive.
-hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm.
-second messenger appears in the cytoplasm.
-cell membrane becomes depolarized.
-hormone is transported to the nucleus where it alters the activity of DNA.

A

second messenger appears in the cytoplasm.

24
Q

Hormonal actions on cells affect all of the following except

-gating of ion channels.
-activities of enzymes.
-quantities of enzymes.
-synthesis of enzymes.
-thickness of the plasma membrane.

A

thickness of the plasma membrane.

25
Q

The humoral control of hormone release may be triggered which of the following factors?

-nervous stimuli
-neurotransmitter activation
-blood level of a pituitary hormone
-blood level of an ion like calcium
-blood level of a hypothalamic hormone

A

blood level of an ion like calcium

26
Q

One cause for insulin resistance (decreased sensitivity of targets to insulin) in non-insulin dependent (Type II) diabetes is

-insulin receptor down-regulation.
-decreased insulin secretion.
-cortisol receptor up-regulation.
-decreased cortisol secretion.
-insulin receptor up-regulation.

A

insulin receptor down-regulation.

27
Q

Upon binding of a single first messenger to a plasma membrane, thousands of second messengers may become activated. This effect is known as

-humoral stimuli
-amplification
-receptor down-regulation
-synergism
-receptor up-regulation

A

amplification

28
Q

Diabetes occurs in several forms. All are characterized by excessive urine production (polyuria; pol-ē-YŪR-ē-ah). Most forms result from endocrine abnormalities, but physical damage to the kidneys can also cause diabetes. The two most prevalent forms are diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus. (We describe diabetes mellitus in the Spotlight figure on page 642.) Diabetes insipidus generally develops because the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland no longer releases adequate amounts of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Water conservation by the kidneys is impaired, and excessive amounts of water are lost in the urine. As a result, the person is constantly thirsty, but the body does not retain the fluids consumed. Mild cases of diabetes insipidus may not require treatment if fluid and electrolyte intake keep pace with urinary losses. In severe cases, the fluid losses can reach 10 liters per day (normal urinary output is about 1-2 liters per day), and dehydration and electrolyte imbalances are fatal without treatment. This condition can be effectively treated with desmopressin, a synthetic form of ADH.

Diabetes insipidus occurs when the __________ lobe of the pituitary gland no longer releases __________.

-anterior; ACTH
-posterior; ACTH
-anterior; ADH
-posterior; ADH

A

posterior; ADH

29
Q

The regulatory hormones from the hypothalamus control secretion from endocrine cells, which are located where? (Figure 18-6)

-cortex of the adrenal gland
-posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
-anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
-thalamus
-medulla of the adrenal gland

A

anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

30
Q

The most complex endocrine responses involve the

-thyroid gland.
-thymus gland.
-hypothalamus.
-adrenal glands.
-pancreas.

A

hypothalamus.

31
Q

If the hypophyseal portal system is destroyed, the hypothalamus would no longer be able to control the secretion of which of the following hormones?

-thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
-TSH, ACTH, PRL
-prolactine (PRL)
-antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin (OXT)
-adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

TSH, ACTH, PRL

32
Q

The hypothalamus controls secretion in the adenohypophysis by

-direct neural stimulation.
-secreting releasing and inhibiting hormones into the hypophysealportal system.
-gap synaptic junctions.
-altering ion concentrations and pH in the anterior pituitary.
-indirect osmotic control.

A

secreting releasing and inhibiting hormones into the hypophysealportal system.

33
Q

The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is

-follicle stimulating hormone (FSH).
-adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
-thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH).
-luteinizing hormone (LH).
-growth hormone (GH).

A

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH).

34
Q

The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is

-prolactin.
-ACTH.
-insulin.
-MSH.
-growth hormone.

A

growth hormone.

35
Q

The posterior lobe of the pituitary is also known as the

-basal ganglion.
-adenohypophysis.
-mesencephalon.
-neurohypophysis.
-infundibulum.

A

neurohypophysis.

36
Q

The anterior lobe of the pituitary is also known as the

-adenohypophysis.
-basal ganglion.
-neurohypophysis.
-infundibulum.
-mesencephalon.

A

adenohypophysis.

37
Q

Hormones produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that regulate the male and female reproductive organs are collectively called

-immunogens.
-androgens.
-tropic hormones.
-gonadotropins.
-somatotropins.

A

gonadotropins.

38
Q

Hormones that stimulate endocrine glands to release other hormones are

-up-regulators.
-reflexive.
-tropic.
-humoral.
-paracrine factors.

A

tropic.

39
Q

Which of these is released by the neurohypophysis?

-follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
-thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
-antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
-adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

40
Q

Which of these hormones exerts a strong effect on adrenal steroid production?

-antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
-luteinizing hormone (LH)
-thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
-adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

41
Q

Which of the following elements is necessary for the production of thyroid hormone?

-iodine
-colloid
-potassium
-iron
-sodium

A

iodine

42
Q

Which group of hormones cause an anti-inflammatory action?

-glucocorticoids
-pancreatic hormones
-thyroglobulins
-mineralocorticoids
-antidiuretic hormones

A

glucocorticoids

43
Q

Hormones from the adrenal cortex that regulate electrolyte balance are

-glucocorticoids.
-antidiuretics.
-androgens.
-mineralocorticoids.
-calcitonin and parathyroid hormone.

A

mineralocorticoids.

44
Q

The __________ gland secretes melatonin.

-pineal
-neurohypophysis
-pituitary
-thymus

A

pineal

45
Q

Calcitriol is secreted by the kidneys to promote calcium absorption along the intestines. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) causes release of calcium from bone matrix. These actions are examples of __________ between hormones.

-permissive effects
-synergistic effects
-integrative effects
-All of the listed responses are correct.

A

integrative effects

46
Q

Lipid-soluble hormones usually bind to __________ receptors.

-transmembrane
-intracellular
-extracellular
-G protein-coupled

A

intracellular

Anatomy Exam 4 (2 decks)

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