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Anatomy Exam 4 > Ch 16 and Start of 17 > Flashcards

Ch 16 and Start of 17 Flashcards

1
Q

What neuron runs from the CNS to the autonomic ganglion?

-postganglionic neuron
-somatic motor neuron
-preganglionic neuron
-lower motor neuron

A

Preganglionic neuron

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2
Q

Preganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system are located in

-the brain.
-the cerebrum.
-both the brainstem and the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord.
-the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord.
-the posterior gray horns of the spinal cord.

A

both the brainstem and the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord.

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3
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system is especially active during which physiological state?

-trauma
-stress
-digestion
-exertion
-exercise

A

digestion

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4
Q

Sympathetic nerve activity would cause all of the following responses EXCEPT __________.

-increased respiratory rate
-increased stomach motility
-increased heart rate
-increased sweating

A

increased stomach motility

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5
Q

What is the effect of neurotransmitters released at the area marked by the arrow?

-They would diminish the effects of the parasympathetic division of the ANS.
-They are released into the blood and produce long-lasting and widespread effects in the body.
-They would enhance the effects of the parasympathetic division of the ANS.
-They would have no effect on the fight-or-flight response.

A

They are released into the blood and produce long-lasting and widespread effects in the body.

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6
Q

Which of the following effectors is innervated by neurons that synapse in the collateral ganglia?

-heart
-adrenal medulla
-salivary gland
-intestine

A

intestine

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7
Q

Visceral motor neuron nuclei are located in which part of the brain?

-thalamus
-hypothalamus
-midbrain
-cerebellum
-primary motor cortex

A

hypothalamus

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8
Q

Sympathetic nerves contain postganglionic fibers that innervate organs in which cavity?

-pelvic
-thoracic
-abdominal
-cranial
-abdominopelvic

A

thoracic

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9
Q

A pedestrian narrowly avoids being hit by an oncoming car. He notices that it takes a little while for his heart rate and respiratory rate to return to normal. This is likely because

-sympathetic activation of the adrenal medulla has released epinephrine and norepinephrine into the bloodstream.
-somatic motor neurons have increased the heart and respiratory rate.
-the splanchnic nerves have become activated.
-the parasympathetic nervous system has become activated.
-the corticospinal pathway has become activated.

A

sympathetic activation of the adrenal medulla has released epinephrine and norepinephrine into the bloodstream.

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10
Q

Sympathetic preganglionic fibers are ________ and have ________ axons.

-short; myelinated
-long; unmyelinated
-short; unmyelinated
-intermediate; short
-long; myelinated

A

short; myelinated

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11
Q

In what part of the given pathway is norepinephrine secreted?

-at the nodes along the myelinated axon
-from the smooth muscle cells
-from the varicosities of the postganglionic fiber
-within the ganglionic synapse

A

from the varicosities of the postganglionic fiber

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12
Q

Which of the following is not controlled by the ANS?

-skeletal muscle system
-cardiovascular system
-urinary system
-respiratory system
-digestive system

A

skeletal muscle system

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13
Q

In which system are the ganglia in or near the target organ?

-somatic nervous system
-central nervous system
-afferent nervous system
-parasympathetic division of the ANS
-sympathetic division of the ANS

A

parasympathetic division of the ANS

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14
Q

Sympathetic preganglionic neurons are located in the __________ horn of the __________ cord.

-lateral gray, sacral spinal
-lateral gray, thoracic and lumbar spinal
-ventral gray, thoracic and lumbar spinal
-ventral gray, sacral spinal

A

lateral gray, thoracic and lumbar spinal

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15
Q

The ________ nervous system stimulates the arrector pili muscles and gives you “goosebumps.”

-dorsal
-somatic
-sympathetic
-parasympathetic
-afferent

A

sympathetic

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16
Q

Specialized ganglionic sympathetic neurons that release hormones into the bloodstream are found within the

-chain ganglia
-intramural ganglia
-brainstem
-adrenal medulla
-collateral ganglia

A

adrenal medulla

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17
Q

Which of the following is incorrectly matched?

-retina: consists of a pigmented layer and a neural layer
-sclera: covers most of the ocular surface
-ciliary body: site of extrinsic eye muscle attachment
-anterior chamber: between the cornea and the iris
-posterior chamber: between the iris and the lens

A

ciliary body: site of extrinsic eye muscle attachment

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18
Q

Which of the following is a function of the pigmented layer of the retina?

-provide eye color
-house the photoreceptors
-absorb light passing through the neural layer
-secrete vitreous humor
-refract light onto the photoreceptors

A

absorb light passing through the neural layer

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19
Q

The purpose of the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell (ipRGC) photoreceptors are

-to give clear sharp vision.
-to replace rods as we age.
-to provide color vision.
-influence the circadian rhythm.
-to allow us to see in dim light.

A

influence the circadian rhythm.

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20
Q

Injury to the neurons of a collateral ganglion would affect the function of the

-heart
-sweat glands
-pupils
-arrector pili muscles
-digestive tract

A

digestive tract

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21
Q

If the receptor on the postsynaptic membrane binds to norepinephrine, the synapse is called

-anergic
-cholinergic
-adrenergic
-noradrenergic
-synergic

A

adrenergic

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22
Q

Drugs that have effects similar to those of sympathetic activation are called sympathomimetic drugs. Which of the following would you not expect to observe in a person who has taken a sympathomimetic drug?

-increased blood sugar level
-decreased blood pressure
-sweating
-dilation of respiratory passages
-increased heart rate

A

decreased blood pressure

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23
Q

When reviewing the general functions of the parasympathetic division, which of the following statements best summarizes the physiologic outcome?

-The parasympathetic division mobilizes energy reserves in the liver and skeletal muscle for immediate release.
-The parasympathetic division works at counterbalancing the sympathetic division by conserving energy and lowering metabolic rate.
-The parasympathetic division is considered a catabolic system because it functions to make glucose readily available to the cells.
-The parasympathetic division functions in short-term, physiologic crisis management.

A

The parasympathetic division works at counterbalancing the sympathetic division by conserving energy and lowering metabolic rate.

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24
Q

Parasympathetic effects are localized and short-lived because

-norepinephrine is inactivated at the synapse by monoamine oxidase.
-muscarinic receptors are deactivated by norepinephrine.
-acetylcholine is inactivated at the synapse by -acetylcholinesterase.
-epinephrine blocks the muscarinic receptors.
-norepinephrine hyperpolarizes the postganglionic membrane.

A

acetylcholine is inactivated at the synapse by -acetylcholinesterase.

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25
Q

Parasympathetic blocking agents can be useful in treating

-high blood pressure
-heart failure
-urinary incontinence
-excessive sweating
-hyperactivity

A

urinary incontinence

26
Q

In general, autonomic tone of peripheral blood vessels increases when

-parasympathetic stimulation is decreased.
-somatomotor stimulation is increased.
-sympathetic stimulation is increased.
-sympathetic stimulation is decreased.
-parasympathetic stimulation is increased.

A

sympathetic stimulation is increased.

27
Q

Autonomic tone is an important aspect of ANS function because it

-allows ANS neurons to be silent under normal conditions.
-allows ANS neurons to decrease their activity on demand but not increase their activity.
-allows ANS neurons to increase activity on demand but not decrease their activity.
-provides for a narrow range of control options that keeps target tissues constantly active.
-allows ANS neurons to increase or decrease their activity, providing a range of control options.

A

allows ANS neurons to increase or decrease their activity, providing a range of control options.

28
Q

During ________ sleep, dreaming occurs.

-REM
-deep
-stage 2
-beta
-stage 1

A

REM

29
Q

The conscious state is maintained by the

-prefrontal lobes.
-nucleus gracilis.
-general interpretive area.
-reticular activating system.
-limbic system.

A

reticular activating system.

30
Q

Most long-term memories are stored in the

-cerebellum.
-cerebral cortex.
-pons.
-hypothalamus.
-thalamus.

A

cerebral cortex.

31
Q

Which of the following is essential for memory consolidation?

-prefrontal lobe
-insula
-occipital lobe
-basal nuclei
-hippocampus

A

hippocampus

32
Q

The olfactory organ consists of the ________ and the lamina propria.

-basilar membrane
-gustatory cells
-hippocampus
-ethmoid bone
-olfactory epithelium

A

olfactory epithelium

33
Q

The olfactory receptors are highly modified

-sensory neurons.
-neuroglial cells.
-epithelial cells.
-interneurons.
-motor neurons.

A

sensory neurons.

34
Q

Olfactory sensory neurons are short-lived and, therefore, replaced frequently. How does this turnover happen?

-mitotic division of olfactory sensory neurons
-mitotic division and differentiation of odorants
-mitotic division and differentiation of basal epithelial cells
-mitotic division and differentiation of supporting cells

A

mitotic division and differentiation of basal epithelial cells

35
Q

The first step in the olfactory process is __________.

-when an odorant dissolves in the olfactory mucus fluid
-when an action potential is generated on the axon of the cranial nerve, carrying the sensation to the CNS
-when ion channels open
-detection in the olfactory bulbs

A

when an odorant dissolves in the olfactory mucus fluid

36
Q

Some neural tissues retain stem cells and thus the capacity to divide and replace lost neurons. Which of these special senses can replace its damaged neural receptors?

-proprioception
-equilibrium
-olfaction
-hearing
-vision

A

olfaction

37
Q

The taste sensation that is triggered by the amino acid glutamate is known as

-salty.
-sweet.
-peppery.
-sour.
-umami.

A

umami

38
Q

In this picture, the label is on the vascular layer of the eye. Which structure would NOT be found in the vascular layer?

-cornea
-ciliary body
-iris
-choroid

A

cornea

39
Q

All of the following are true of the neural layer of the eye except that it

-contains the photoreceptor cells.
-consists of dense fibrous connective tissue.
-contains ganglion cells.
-contains bipolar cells.
-is the innermost layer of the eyeball.

A

consists of dense fibrous connective tissue.

40
Q

Tears pass through which of the following structures before emptying into the nasal cavity?

-nasolacrimal duct
-posterior chamber
-corneoscleral junction
-scleral venous sinus
-anterior chamber

A

nasolacrimal duct

41
Q

All of the following are true of the fibrous layer of the eye except that it

-produces aqueous humor.
-consists of the sclera and cornea.
-contributes substantial focusing power.
-is where extrinsic eye muscles insert.
-provides mechanical support and some protection for the eye.

A

produces aqueous humor.

42
Q

The human lens focuses light on the photoreceptor cells by

-moving in and out.
-opening and closing.
-changing shape.
-dilating and constricting.
-moving up and down.

A

changing shape.

43
Q

Which of the following produces a lipid-rich secretion that prevents the upper and lower eyelids from sticking together at their edges?

-palpebra
-conjunctiva
-tarsal gland
-lacrimal caruncle
-chalazion

A

tarsal gland

44
Q

The shape of the lens is controlled by the

-pupillary radial muscles.
-pupillary sphincter muscles.
-iris.
-ciliary muscles.
-cornea.

A

ciliary muscles.

45
Q

Pupillary muscle groups are controlled by the ANS. Parasympathetic activation causes pupillary ________, and sympathetic activation causes ________.

-dilation; constriction
-vasoconstriction; vasoconstriction
-dilation; dilation
-constriction; dilation
-constriction; constriction

A

constriction; dilation

46
Q

What structure regulates the amount of light that passes to the photoreceptors of the eye?

-vitreous body
-ciliary muscle
-lens
-cornea
-iris

A

iris

47
Q

The optic disc is a blind spot because

-the retina lacks nerves in the optic disc.
-the fovea prevents light from striking the optic disc.
-humans are unable to focus light on that area of the retina.
-there are no photoreceptors in that area.
-the vitreous body is too thick in this area for the passage of light.

A

there are no photoreceptors in that area.

48
Q

Amacrine and ________ cells facilitate or inhibit communication between photoreceptors and ganglion cells.

-bipolar
-nuclear
-hair
-ganglion
-horizontal

A

horizontal

49
Q

Which of these functions does the vascular layer serve?

-It regulates the amount of light that enters the eye.
-It supports blood vessels and lymphatics.
-It controls the shape of the lens.
-The vascular layer performs all of these functions.

A

The vascular layer performs all of these functions.

50
Q

The first step in the process of photoreception is

-absorption of a photon by a visual pigment.
-the bleaching of rods.
-the bleaching of cones.
-release of neurotransmitter.
-inhibition of the sodium pumps.

A

absorption of a photon by a visual pigment.

51
Q

A period of adjustment is required when moving from a dark room into bright light because

-only cones function in dim light.
-rods exposed to strong light need time to regenerate rhodopsin.
-rhodopsin does not function in dim light.
-the lens requires time to accommodate dim light.
-the breakdown of rhodopsin to opsin occurs slowly.

A

rods exposed to strong light need time to regenerate rhodopsin.

52
Q

The vitreous body

-helps to stabilize the eye and holds the retina up against the eyewall.
-circulates through the pupil.
-holds the retina against the lens for proper refraction.
-fills the anterior chamber.
-is replaced at the rate of 20 percent per year until middle age.

A

helps to stabilize the eye and holds the retina up against the eyewall.

53
Q

The transparent portion of the fibrous layer is the

-cornea
-conjunctiva
-angle
-pupil
-iris

A

cornea

54
Q

An area of the retina that contains only cones and is the site of sharpest vision is the

-tapetum lucidum.
-optic disc.
-outer segment.
-inner segment.
-fovea.

A

fovea.

55
Q

Trace the circulation of aqueous humor from the site of production to the site of where it is reabsorbed.
1. posterior chamber
2. anterior chamber
3. ciliary body
4. scleral venous sinus
5. pupil

A

3, 1, 5, 2, 4

56
Q

Which of the following is not true regarding image formation?

-Images arrive at the retina upside down and reversed.
-To view a distant object the lens will become rounder.
-The greatest amount of refraction occurs at the cornea.
-The focal distance must equal the distance between the center of the lens and the retina to form a sharp image.
-A round lens has a short focal distance.

A

To view a distant object the lens will become rounder.

57
Q

As light passes through the cornea and lens, it is directed onto the __________, a region of the retina that contains only __________.

-macula; rods
-macula; cones
-optic disc; cones
-optic disc; rods

A

macula; cones

58
Q

Which of the following is NOT a property of the palpebrae?

-They protect the eye.
-They are controlled by cranial nerves.
-They contain tarsal glands.
-They comprise the eyebrows.

A

They comprise the eyebrows.

59
Q

Light refraction takes place at the

-lens only.
-optic disc.
-cornea and lens.
-cornea and optic disc.
-cornea only.

A

cornea and lens.

60
Q

The ability of the lens to change shape in order to correctly focus an image on the retina is called __________.

-transduction
-accommodation
-visual acuity
-refraction

A

accommodation

61
Q

__________ provide information about __________, giving us the perception of color.

-Cones, the wavelength of arriving photons
-Rods, the wavelength of arriving photons
-Cones, the presence or absence of photons
-Rods, the presence or absence of photons

A

Cones, the wavelength of arriving photons

62
Q

Visual information travels from the retina along the optic nerve to the lateral geniculate nucleus. Visual information can then travel to which of the following structures?

-suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus
-superior colliculi of the midbrain
-visual cortex of the occipital lobes
-Visual information can travel to all of the listed structures.

A

Visual information can travel to all of the listed structures.

Anatomy Exam 4 (2 decks)

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