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Chem midterm 4 > Ch. 17 Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Ch. 17 Carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a carbohydrate?

A

provide energy through oxidation, supplies carbon, stores energy thru polysaccharides, and forms structure

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2
Q

what does the suffix “-ose” mean?

A

Sugar

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3
Q

Carbohydrates can be classified as…

A

An Aldehyde or ketone form

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4
Q

To make a polysaccharide from a disaccharide, what must occur?

A

Condensation Reaction

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5
Q

What happens during hydrolysis of carbohydrates?

A

breaking apart of a disaccharide, polysaccharide, or oligosaccharide

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6
Q

What happens during a condensation reaction?

A

A build up of disaccharide, polysaccharide, or oligosaccharide

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7
Q

Carbohydrates typically have how many carbons?

A

4 - 6 carbons

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8
Q

What is a Haworth Projection?

A

Showing if the first OH is down or up

Used to describe disaccharides, polysaccharides, or oligosaccharides

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9
Q

What is chirality?

A

Mirrored images that are not the same ; cannot be superimposed

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10
Q

What is a chiral center?

A

A carbon atom with 4 different groups attached

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11
Q

Fischer projection

A

Flat forms of a linear carbohydrates

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12
Q

How can you tell if an aldehyde is D or L?

A

Using left hand, if H is on the thumb, it’s an L-aldehyde. If not, then it is a D.

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13
Q

What are enantiomers?

A

-Pairs of Chiral carbons

-Two compounds that are different through only one chiral center.

-Have the same physical and chemical properties, same boiling point / melting point BUT react DIFFERENTLY in our body

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14
Q

When there is the same amount of enantiomers or concentration, it is called…

A

A racemic mixture

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15
Q

What gets rid of chirality?

A

Double bonds, CH2,

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16
Q

Total # of stereoisomers

A

is always 2 ^ chiral centers

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17
Q

Chirality does what in optical activity?

A

changes rotation of plane polarized light

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18
Q

If light is sent through a solution of L or D glucose, what happens to the light?

A

It rotates

19
Q

If there is a racemic mixture that has equal amounts of both enantiomers, what happens to the light?

A

There is no rotation due to cancelling out both rotations

20
Q

Optically Active

A

A molecule that rotates the plane of polarized light

21
Q

Enantiomer that rotates the plane of polarized light to the LEFT is called…

A

Levorotatory

22
Q

Enantiomer that rotates to the RIGHT is called…

A

Dextrorotatory

23
Q

Stereoisomers are important because

A

Animals use L-amino acids and D-Glucose

24
Q

Monosaccharide: D-Ribose

A

Carbons: 5
Importance: Synthesis of Nucleic Acids

25
Q

Monosaccharide: D- Glucose

A

Carbons: 6
Importance: Dextrose, Energy in the body

26
Q

Monosaccharide: D-Galactose

A

Carbons: 6
Importance: Component of lactose, present in nerves

27
Q

Monosaccharide: D- Fructose

A

Carbons: 6
Importance: Levulose, fruit sugar

28
Q

In Carbon 1, the OH can go up or down. If the OH is UP, what kind of position is it?

A

Beta positon

29
Q

In Carbon 1, the OH can go up or down. If the OH is DOWN, what kind of position is it?

A

Alpha position

30
Q

Glycosidic Linkage

A

Link that’s made when two saccharides condense together to form a disaccharide

31
Q

Dehydration reaction

A

Water that is produced on condensation

32
Q

What are the three common Disaccharides?

A

Sucrose, Lactose, and Maltose

33
Q

What is the source of the disaccharide: Sucrose?

A

Sugar cane, beets

34
Q

What is the source of the disaccharide: Lactose?

A

Milk

35
Q

What is the source of the disaccharide: Maltose?

A

Grain

36
Q

What is important about polysaccharides?

A

They have high molecular weight. Body cannot be tasted. Is not soluble. Does not pass through membrane

37
Q

What can pass through membranes?

A

Monosaccharides and Disaccharides

They both are sweet, soluble, and have low molecular weights.

38
Q

What is Starch?

A

A form of polysaccharide that is a polymer of D-glucose and major storage form in plants.
-Two components are Amylose and Amylopectin.

39
Q

What is the difference between Amylose and Amylopectin in Starch?

A

Amylose: linear, (1-> 4) alpha -glycosidic linkage

Amylopectin: branching, (1-> 6) alpha glycosidic linkage

40
Q

Glycogen

A

A form of polysaccharide that is a storage carbohydrate for animals (liver and muscles)

41
Q

What is the difference between Glycogen and Amylopectin?

A

Glycogen has more dense branching and holds more storage energy than Amylopectin.

Branches between 8-12 units compared to 24-30 units for Amylopectin.

42
Q

Cellulose

A

A polysaccharide that is a key structural component in the plant kingdom.

43
Q

What kind of linkage is Cellulose?

A

It is a polymer of D-Glucose with beta (1-> 4) linkage.

Chem midterm 4 (2 decks)

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