Ch. 17 Carbohydrates

Question 1

what is a carbohydrate?

Answer 1

provide energy through oxidation, supplies carbon, stores energy thru polysaccharides, and forms structure

Question 2

what does the suffix “-ose” mean?

Answer 2

Sugar

Question 3

Carbohydrates can be classified as…

Answer 3

An Aldehyde or ketone form

Question 4

To make a polysaccharide from a disaccharide, what must occur?

Answer 4

Condensation Reaction

Question 5

What happens during hydrolysis of carbohydrates?

Answer 5

breaking apart of a disaccharide, polysaccharide, or oligosaccharide

Question 6

What happens during a condensation reaction?

Answer 6

A build up of disaccharide, polysaccharide, or oligosaccharide

Question 7

Carbohydrates typically have how many carbons?

Answer 7

4 - 6 carbons

Question 8

What is a Haworth Projection?

Answer 8

Showing if the first OH is down or up

Used to describe disaccharides, polysaccharides, or oligosaccharides

Question 9

What is chirality?

Answer 9

Mirrored images that are not the same ; cannot be superimposed

Question 10

What is a chiral center?

Answer 10

A carbon atom with 4 different groups attached

Question 11

Fischer projection

Answer 11

Flat forms of a linear carbohydrates

Question 12

How can you tell if an aldehyde is D or L?

Answer 12

Using left hand, if H is on the thumb, it’s an L-aldehyde. If not, then it is a D.

Question 13

What are enantiomers?

Answer 13

-Pairs of Chiral carbons

-Two compounds that are different through only one chiral center.

-Have the same physical and chemical properties, same boiling point / melting point BUT react DIFFERENTLY in our body

Question 14

When there is the same amount of enantiomers or concentration, it is called…

Answer 14

A racemic mixture

Question 15

What gets rid of chirality?

Answer 15

Double bonds, CH2,

Question 16

Total # of stereoisomers

Answer 16

is always 2 ^ chiral centers

Question 17

Chirality does what in optical activity?

Answer 17

changes rotation of plane polarized light

Question 18

If light is sent through a solution of L or D glucose, what happens to the light?

Answer 18

It rotates

Question 19

If there is a racemic mixture that has equal amounts of both enantiomers, what happens to the light?

Answer 19

There is no rotation due to cancelling out both rotations

Question 20

Optically Active

Answer 20

A molecule that rotates the plane of polarized light

Question 21

Enantiomer that rotates the plane of polarized light to the LEFT is called…

Answer 21

Levorotatory

Question 22

Enantiomer that rotates to the RIGHT is called…

Answer 22

Dextrorotatory

Question 23

Stereoisomers are important because

Answer 23

Animals use L-amino acids and D-Glucose

Question 24

Monosaccharide: D-Ribose

Answer 24

Carbons: 5
Importance: Synthesis of Nucleic Acids

Question 25

Monosaccharide: D- Glucose

Answer 25

Carbons: 6 Importance: Dextrose, Energy in the body

Question 26

Monosaccharide: D-Galactose

Answer 26

Carbons: 6 Importance: Component of lactose, present in nerves

Question 27

Monosaccharide: D- Fructose

Answer 27

Carbons: 6 Importance: Levulose, fruit sugar

Question 28

In Carbon 1, the OH can go up or down. If the OH is UP, what kind of position is it?

Answer 28

Beta positon

Question 29

In Carbon 1, the OH can go up or down. If the OH is DOWN, what kind of position is it?

Answer 29

Alpha position

Question 30

Glycosidic Linkage

Answer 30

Link that's made when two saccharides condense together to form a disaccharide

Question 31

Dehydration reaction

Answer 31

Water that is produced on condensation

Question 32

What are the three common Disaccharides?

Answer 32

Sucrose, Lactose, and Maltose

Question 33

What is the source of the disaccharide: Sucrose?

Answer 33

Sugar cane, beets

Question 34

What is the source of the disaccharide: Lactose?

Answer 34

Milk

Question 35

What is the source of the disaccharide: Maltose?

Answer 35

Grain

Question 36

What is important about polysaccharides?

Answer 36

They have high molecular weight. Body cannot be tasted. Is not soluble. Does not pass through membrane

Question 37

What can pass through membranes?

Answer 37

Monosaccharides and Disaccharides They both are sweet, soluble, and have low molecular weights.

Question 38

What is Starch?

Answer 38

A form of polysaccharide that is a polymer of D-glucose and major storage form in plants. -Two components are Amylose and Amylopectin.

Question 39

What is the difference between Amylose and Amylopectin in Starch?

Answer 39

Amylose: linear, (1-> 4) alpha -glycosidic linkage Amylopectin: branching, (1-> 6) alpha glycosidic linkage

Question 40

Glycogen

Answer 40

A form of polysaccharide that is a storage carbohydrate for animals (liver and muscles)

Question 41

What is the difference between Glycogen and Amylopectin?

Answer 41

Glycogen has more dense branching and holds more storage energy than Amylopectin. Branches between 8-12 units compared to 24-30 units for Amylopectin.

Question 42

Cellulose

Answer 42

A polysaccharide that is a key structural component in the plant kingdom.

Question 43

What kind of linkage is Cellulose?

Answer 43

It is a polymer of D-Glucose with beta (1-> 4) linkage.