Ch 17 - Adaptive Immunity

Question 1

2 Branches of the immune System

Innate Immunity

Answer 1

Nonspecific responses present before exposure to an agent

Question 2

2 Branches of the immune system

Adaptive Immunity

Answer 2

Develops after exposure to an agent & has memory

Question 3

Phagocytes

Answer 3

The ultimate effector of immunity. Adaptive immunity uses various systems to help phagocytes perform phagocytosis

Question 4

Adaptive Immunity

Adaptive Immunity

Answer 4

Defenses that target a specific pathogen. Acquired through infection or vaccination. Use B & T cell lymphocytes

Question 5

Adaptive Immunity

Primary Response

Answer 5

First time the immune system combats a particular foreign substance

Question 6

Adaptive Immunity

Secondary Response

Answer 6

Later interactions with the same foreign substance. Faster and more effective due to “immunological memory”

Question 7

2 Arms of Adaptive Immunity

Humoral Immunity

Answer 7

Antibodies are immune facilitators. Clonal selection to activate proper B cells

Question 8

2 arms of adaptive Immunity

Cell-mediated Immunity

Answer 8

Antigen presentation. Clonal selection to active proper T cells

Question 9

Adaptive Immunity

Cytokines

Answer 9

Chemical messengers of immune cells

Question 10

Adaptive Immunity

Antigens

Answer 10

Immune response triggers

Question 11

Adaptive Immunity

Epitopes

Answer 11

Fragments of antigens

Question 12

Adaptive Immunity

Immune Memory

Answer 12

Defining feature of adaptive immunity. Cell’s ability to remember previous pathogens.

Question 13

Adaptive Immunity

Secondary Responses

Answer 13

very fast and very effective

Question 14

Adaptive Immunity

Humoral Immunity

Answer 14

Fights antigens outside of host cells. Produces plasma cells that secrete protein antibodies to combat antigens.

Question 15

Humoral Immunity

B Cells

Answer 15

Lymphocytes that are created and mature in red bone marrow. Recognize antigens with B cell receptor (BCR). Make antibodies. Named bursa of Fabricius in birds.

Question 16

Humoral Immunity

B Cell Receptor (BCR)

Answer 16

Recognize antigens

Question 17

Cell Mediated Immunity

Cell-Mediated Immunity

Answer 17

Fights antigens Inside of host cells. Produces cytotoxic T Lymphocytes that destroy infected cells.

Question 18

Cell-Mediated Immunity

Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes

Answer 18

Destroy infected cells

Question 19

Cell-mediated Immunity

T Cells

Answer 19

Lymphocytes that are created in red bone marrow and mature in the thymus.

Question 20

Cell-Mediated Immunity

T Cell Receptors (TCR)

Answer 20

Recognize antigens

Question 21

Cytokines

Cytokines

Answer 21

Chemical messengers of the immune system Made by T Cells. Overproduction of cytokines can lead to exaggerated immune responses (potentially fatal).

Question 22

Cytokines

Interleukins

Answer 22

Cytokines between leukocytes

Question 23

Cytokines

Chemokines

Answer 23

Induce migration of leukocytes

Question 24

Cytokines

Interferons (IFN)

Answer 24

Interfere with viral infections of host cells

Question 25

Cytokines

Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)

Answer 25

Involved in the inflammation of autoimmune diseases

Question 26

Cytokines

Hematopoietic Cytokines

Answer 26

Control stem cells that develop into red and white blood cells

Question 27

Humoral Immunity

Antigens

Answer 27

Antibody generators. Substances that cause the production of antibodies. Usually, components of invading microbes or foreign substances. Interact with epitopes or antigenic determinants on the antigen

Question 28

Humoral Immunity

Components of Humoral Immunity

Answer 28

Antibodies, antigen-antibody binding, MHC & antigen presentation, clonal selection & expansion of B cells

Question 29

Humoral Immunity

Immunoglobulins (Ig)

Answer 29

Secreted proteins

Question 30

Humoral Immunity

Valence

Answer 30

The number of antigen-binding sites on an antibody

Question 31

Humeral Immunity

Immunoglobulins (Ig) Shape

Answer 31

4 Protein chains for a Y-shape molecule. 2 identical chains and 2 heavy chains joined by disulfide bonds. Variable regions are at the end of the arms; bind epitopes. Constant region is identical for a particular Ig class.

Question 32

Humeral Immunity

5 Classes of Ig

Answer 32

IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, IgD

Question 33

Immunoglobulins

IgM

Answer 33

Pentamer (5 monomers held with a J chain), 10 binding sites (valence of 10), 6% of serum antibodies, in the blood, cause clumping of cells and viruses (binding sites), first response to an infection; short-lived

Question 34

Immunoglobulins

IgG

Answer 34

Monomer (very small), 2 binding sites (valence of 2), 80% of serum antibodies, in the blood, lymph, and intestine, cross the placenta, trigger complement, enhance phagocytosis, neutralize toxins and viruses, protect fetus

Question 35

Immunoglobulins

IgA

Answer 35

Monomer in serum; dimer in secretions, 2-4 binding sites (valence of 2-4), 13% of serum antibodies, mucous membranes, saliva, tears, and breast milk, prevent microbial attachment to mucous membranes

Question 36

Immunoglobulins

IgE

Answer 36

Monomer, 2 binding sites (valence of 2), .002% of serum antibodies, on mast cells, basophils, and in blood, cause the release of histamines when bound to antigen, lysis of parasitic worms

Question 37

Immunoglobulins

IgD

Answer 37

Monomer, 2 binding sites, valence of 2, .02% of serum antibodies, structure similar to IgG, in blood, lymph, and on B Cells, no well-defined function; assists in the immune response on B Cells

Question 38

Antigen-Antibody Binding

Antigen-antibody complex

Answer 38

forms when antibodies bind to antigens. Strength of the bond is the affinity. Protects the host by tagging cells/molecules for destruction by phagocytes and other cells