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Microbiology 455 > Ch 16 - Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Ch 16 - Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Pathogen-associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)

A

Molecules associated with groups of pathogens that are recognized by cells of the innate immune system

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2
Q

2 branches of the immune system

Innate Immunity

A

Nonspecific responses present before exposure to an agent (ex. inflammatory response, fever)

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3
Q

2 branches of the immune system

Adaptive Immunity

A

Develops after exposure to an agent & has memory (ex. humoral response produces antibodies to bind targets, cell-mediated response directly destroys targets)

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4
Q

Overview

Physical Factors

A
  • Skin
  • Mucous Membranes
  • Normal Flora
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5
Q

Overview

Chemical Factors

A
  • Sebum
  • Lysozyme
  • Cerumen (earwax)
  • Saliva
  • Gastric Juices
  • Vaginal Secretions
  • Urine
  • Antimicrobial Peptides
  • Iron-binding Proteins
  • Complement
  • Interferons
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6
Q

Overview

White Blood Cells

A
  • Granulocytes

- Agranulocytes

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7
Q

Thymus

A
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8
Q

Lymph Node

A
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9
Q

Thoracic Duct

A
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10
Q

Spleen

A
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11
Q

Large Intestine

A
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12
Q

Small Intestine

A
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13
Q

Peyer’s Patch

A
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14
Q

Lymphatic Vessel

A
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15
Q

Red Bone Marrow

A
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16
Q

Lymphoid Tissue

A
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17
Q

Lymphocytes

A
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18
Q

Skin

Epidermis

A

Outer portion made of rightly packed epithelial cells containing keratin

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19
Q

Skin

Keratin

A

A protective protein

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20
Q

Skin

Dermis

A

Inner portion made of connective tissue

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21
Q

Skin

Skin

A

Shedding and dryness of skin inhibits microbial growth

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22
Q

Mucous Membranes

Mucous Membranes

A

Epithelial layer that lines the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and genitourinary tracts

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23
Q

Mucous Membranes

Mucus

A

Viscous glycoproteins that trap microbes and prevent tracts from drying out

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24
Q

Mucous Membranes

Lacrimal Apparatus

A

Drains tears & washes eye out

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25
Ciliary Escalator
Transports microbes trapped in mucus out of the lungs
26
Earwax
Prevents microbes from entering the inner ear
27
Urine
Cleans the urethra
28
Peristalsis
29
Defecation
30
Vomiting
31
Diarrhea
32
Normal Microbiota
Compete with pathogens via microbial antagonism. Produce substances harmful to pathogens, alter conditions that affect pathogen survival
33
Commensalism
One organism benefits while the other (host) is unharmed
34
Probiotics
Live microbial cultures administered to exert a beneficial effect
35
Sebum
Forms a protective film and lowers the pH of skin
36
Lysozyme
In perspiration, tears, saliva, and urine destroys bacterial cell walls
37
Gastric Juice
Low pH (1.2-3.0) destroys most bacteria and toxins
38
Vaginal Secretions
Low pH (3-5) inhibits microbes
39
Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs)
Short peptides produced in response to protein and sugar molecules on microbes. Inhibit cell wall synthesis and form pores in plasma membranes. Have a broad spectrum of activity against bacteria, fungi, and viruses
40
Acute Phase Proteins
Produced in the liver. Limit an essential nutrient to inhibit microbial growth (colonization & spread)
41
# Limiting iron available Transferrin
Transport/storage protein found in blood and tissue fluids
42
# Limiting iron available Lactoferrin
Transport/storage protein found in milk, saliva, and mucus
43
# Limiting iron available Ferritin
Transport/storage protein found in the liver, spleen, and red bone marrow
44
# Limiting iron available Hemoglobin
Transport/storage protein located in red blood cells
45
Siderophore Proteins
Produced by bacteria to compete with host iron-binding proteins to scavenge iron
46
# The Complement System The Complement System
s
47
# Pathway The Classical Pathway
Requires antibodies Antibodies bind to antigens, activating C1 C1 splits and activates C2 and C4 C2a and C4b combine and activate C3 C3 functions in cytolysis and opsonization
48
# Pathway The Alternative Pathway
Does not require antibodies Factors B, D, & P bind to microbe C3 combines with factors B, D, P C3 splits into C3a and C3b, functioning the same as in the classical pathway
49
# Pathway The Lectin Pathway
Does not require antibodies Macrophages ingest pathogens releasing cytokines that stimulate lectin production in the liver MBL binds to mannose activating C2 and C4 C2a and C4b activate C3 which functions the same as in the classical and alternative pathways
50
Lectin
51
# Lectin Pathway Mannose-binding Lectin (MBL)
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# Pathway Complement Activation
- Cytolysis - Opsonization - Inflammation
53
# Complement Activation Cytolysis
54
# Complement Activation Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)
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# Complement Activation Opsonization
Promotes attachment of a phagocyte to a microbe
56
# Complement Activation Inflammation
Activated complement proteins bind to mast cells, releasing histamine
57
# Complement Activation Regulation of Complement
Regulatory proteins readily break down complement proteins, minimizing host cell destruction
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# Complement Activation Complement and Disease
Lack of complement proteins causes susceptibility to infections
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# Complement Activation Evading the Complement System
Bacterial capsules prevent complement activation
60
# Interferons Interferons
Antiviral cytokines produced by host cells
61
# Interferons Type I (IFN-a & IFN-b)
Produced by infected cells cause neighboring host cells to produce antiviral proteins that inhibit viral replication (stop RNA production)
62
# Interferons Type II (IFN-y)
Causes neutrophils and macrophages to kill bacteria
63
# White Blood Cells White Blood Cell (WBC) Counts
Measure leukocytes in the blood. High WBC indicate bacterial infections, autoimmune diseases, or side effects of medications
64
# White Blood Cells Immunity
Ability to ward off disease
65
# White Blood Cells Susceptibility
Lack of resistance to a disease
66
Phagocytes
Neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils
67
# Plasma Cells and cell fragments suspended in plasma
-Erythrocytes (RBC) -Leukocytes (WBC) -Platelets Created in red bone marrow stem cells via hematopoiesis
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# Leukocytes Granulocytes
Leukocytes with granules in their cytoplasm that are visible with light microscope
69
# Phagocytes Neutrophils
Phagocytic, work in early stages of infection
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# Phagocytes Basophils & Mast Cells
Release histamine; work in allergic responses
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# Phagocytes Eosinophils
Phagocytic; produce toxic proteins against parasites & helminths
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# Leukocytes Agranulocytes
Leukocytes with granules in their cytoplasm that are not visible with a light microscope
73
# Phagocytes Monocytes
Mature into macrophages in tissues where they are phagocytic
74
# Phagocytes Dendritic Cells
Found in the skin, mucous membranes, and thymus; phagocytic
75
# Agranulocytes Lymphocytes
NK cells produce perforin & granzymes to kill infected & cancerous host cells T cells and B cells play a role in adaptive immunity
76
# Phagocyte Migration & Phagocytosis Margination
The sticking of phagocytes to blood vessels in response to cytokines at the site of inflammation
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# Phagocyte Migration & Phagocytosis Diapedesis
Phagocytes squeeze between endothelial cells
78
# Phagocytes Phago
(Greek) Meaning Eat
79
# Phagocytes Cyte
(Greek) Meaning Cell
80
# Phagocytes Fixed Macrophages
Residents in tissues and organs
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# Phagocytes Free (wandering) Macrophages
Roam tissues and gather at sites of infection
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# Pathogen Recognition Pathogen-associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)
Molecules associated with pathogens are recognized by phagocytes (ex. Peptidoglycan, Flagellin, LPS, Lipopeptides, Viral DNA or RNA)
83
# Pathogen Recognition Toll-like Receptors (TLRs)
On phagocytes attach to PAMPs
84
# Phagocytosis Chemotaxis
Chemical signals attract phagocytes to microorganisms
85
# Phagocytosis Adherence
Attachment of a phagocyte to the surface of the microorganism
86
# Phagocytosis Ingestion (Opsonization)
Microorganism is coated with serum proteins, making ingestion easier
87
# Phagocytosis Digestion
Microorganism is digested inside a phagolysosome
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# Activation of Adaptive Immunity Activation of Adaptive Immunity
TLRs bound to PAMPs induce the release of cytokines from innate immune cells that regulate the intensity and duration of immune responses
89
# Activation of Adaptive Immunity Cytokines
90
Inflammation
The body's local response to damage.
91
Functions of Inflammation
- Destroy injurious agent - Limit injurious agent effects on the body - Repair & replace tissue damaged by the injurious agent
92
5 Signs and Symptoms of Inflammation
1. Erythema (redness) 2. Edema (swelling) 3. Heat 4. Pain 5. Altered Function
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Acute Inflammation
The body's immediate local response to damage
94
# Acute Inflammation 1st
Vasoconstriction for blood loss
95
# Acute Inflammation 2nd
Vasodilation & increased vascular permeability by histamine released from damage cells
96
# Acute Inflammation 3rd
influx of phagocytes that will recognize PAMPs
97
Fever
Abnormally high body temperature. Higher temperature good for some immune responses. Higher temperatures slow mesophilic bacterial growth. Hypothalamus is normally set at 37C. Cytokines released in response to LPS cause the hypothalamus to release prostaglandins that reset to a higher temperature. Body constricts the blood vessels, and shivering occurs to raise temperature. After the infection, vasodilation and sweating occurs and the body temperature falls (crisis)

Microbiology 455 (7 decks)

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