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Microbiology 455 > Ch 16 - Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Ch 16 - Innate Immunity Flashcards

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1
Q

Pathogen-associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)

A

Molecules associated with groups of pathogens that are recognized by cells of the innate immune system

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2
Q

2 branches of the immune system

Innate Immunity

A

Nonspecific responses present before exposure to an agent (ex. inflammatory response, fever)

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3
Q

2 branches of the immune system

Adaptive Immunity

A

Develops after exposure to an agent & has memory (ex. humoral response produces antibodies to bind targets, cell-mediated response directly destroys targets)

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4
Q

Overview

Physical Factors

A
  • Skin
  • Mucous Membranes
  • Normal Flora
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5
Q

Overview

Chemical Factors

A
  • Sebum
  • Lysozyme
  • Cerumen (earwax)
  • Saliva
  • Gastric Juices
  • Vaginal Secretions
  • Urine
  • Antimicrobial Peptides
  • Iron-binding Proteins
  • Complement
  • Interferons
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6
Q

Overview

White Blood Cells

A
  • Granulocytes

- Agranulocytes

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7
Q

Thymus

A
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8
Q

Lymph Node

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9
Q

Thoracic Duct

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10
Q

Spleen

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11
Q

Large Intestine

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12
Q

Small Intestine

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13
Q

Peyer’s Patch

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14
Q

Lymphatic Vessel

A
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15
Q

Red Bone Marrow

A
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16
Q

Lymphoid Tissue

A
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17
Q

Lymphocytes

A
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18
Q

Skin

Epidermis

A

Outer portion made of rightly packed epithelial cells containing keratin

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19
Q

Skin

Keratin

A

A protective protein

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20
Q

Skin

Dermis

A

Inner portion made of connective tissue

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21
Q

Skin

Skin

A

Shedding and dryness of skin inhibits microbial growth

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22
Q

Mucous Membranes

Mucous Membranes

A

Epithelial layer that lines the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and genitourinary tracts

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23
Q

Mucous Membranes

Mucus

A

Viscous glycoproteins that trap microbes and prevent tracts from drying out

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24
Q

Mucous Membranes

Lacrimal Apparatus

A

Drains tears & washes eye out

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25
Q

Ciliary Escalator

A

Transports microbes trapped in mucus out of the lungs

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26
Q

Earwax

A

Prevents microbes from entering the inner ear

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27
Q

Urine

A

Cleans the urethra

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28
Q

Peristalsis

A
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29
Q

Defecation

A
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30
Q

Vomiting

A
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31
Q

Diarrhea

A
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32
Q

Normal Microbiota

A

Compete with pathogens via microbial antagonism. Produce substances harmful to pathogens, alter conditions that affect pathogen survival

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33
Q

Commensalism

A

One organism benefits while the other (host) is unharmed

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34
Q

Probiotics

A

Live microbial cultures administered to exert a beneficial effect

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35
Q

Sebum

A

Forms a protective film and lowers the pH of skin

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36
Q

Lysozyme

A

In perspiration, tears, saliva, and urine destroys bacterial cell walls

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37
Q

Gastric Juice

A

Low pH (1.2-3.0) destroys most bacteria and toxins

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38
Q

Vaginal Secretions

A

Low pH (3-5) inhibits microbes

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39
Q

Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs)

A

Short peptides produced in response to protein and sugar molecules on microbes. Inhibit cell wall synthesis and form pores in plasma membranes. Have a broad spectrum of activity against bacteria, fungi, and viruses

40
Q

Acute Phase Proteins

A

Produced in the liver. Limit an essential nutrient to inhibit microbial growth (colonization & spread)

41
Q

Limiting iron available

Transferrin

A

Transport/storage protein found in blood and tissue fluids

42
Q

Limiting iron available

Lactoferrin

A

Transport/storage protein found in milk, saliva, and mucus

43
Q

Limiting iron available

Ferritin

A

Transport/storage protein found in the liver, spleen, and red bone marrow

44
Q

Limiting iron available

Hemoglobin

A

Transport/storage protein located in red blood cells

45
Q

Siderophore Proteins

A

Produced by bacteria to compete with host iron-binding proteins to scavenge iron

46
Q

The Complement System

The Complement System

A

s

47
Q

Pathway

The Classical Pathway

A

Requires antibodies
Antibodies bind to antigens, activating C1
C1 splits and activates C2 and C4
C2a and C4b combine and activate C3
C3 functions in cytolysis and opsonization

48
Q

Pathway

The Alternative Pathway

A

Does not require antibodies
Factors B, D, & P bind to microbe
C3 combines with factors B, D, P
C3 splits into C3a and C3b, functioning the same as in the classical pathway

49
Q

Pathway

The Lectin Pathway

A

Does not require antibodies
Macrophages ingest pathogens releasing cytokines that stimulate lectin production in the liver
MBL binds to mannose activating C2 and C4
C2a and C4b activate C3 which functions the same as in the classical and alternative pathways

50
Q

Lectin

A
51
Q

Lectin Pathway

Mannose-binding Lectin (MBL)

A
52
Q

Pathway

Complement Activation

A
  • Cytolysis
  • Opsonization
  • Inflammation
53
Q

Complement Activation

Cytolysis

A
54
Q

Complement Activation

Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)

A
55
Q

Complement Activation

Opsonization

A

Promotes attachment of a phagocyte to a microbe

56
Q

Complement Activation

Inflammation

A

Activated complement proteins bind to mast cells, releasing histamine

57
Q

Complement Activation

Regulation of Complement

A

Regulatory proteins readily break down complement proteins, minimizing host cell destruction

58
Q

Complement Activation

Complement and Disease

A

Lack of complement proteins causes susceptibility to infections

59
Q

Complement Activation

Evading the Complement System

A

Bacterial capsules prevent complement activation

60
Q

Interferons

Interferons

A

Antiviral cytokines produced by host cells

61
Q

Interferons

Type I (IFN-a & IFN-b)

A

Produced by infected cells cause neighboring host cells to produce antiviral proteins that inhibit viral replication (stop RNA production)

62
Q

Interferons

Type II (IFN-y)

A

Causes neutrophils and macrophages to kill bacteria

63
Q

White Blood Cells

White Blood Cell (WBC) Counts

A

Measure leukocytes in the blood. High WBC indicate bacterial infections, autoimmune diseases, or side effects of medications

64
Q

White Blood Cells

Immunity

A

Ability to ward off disease

65
Q

White Blood Cells

Susceptibility

A

Lack of resistance to a disease

66
Q

Phagocytes

A

Neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils

67
Q

Plasma

Cells and cell fragments suspended in plasma

A

-Erythrocytes (RBC)
-Leukocytes (WBC)
-Platelets
Created in red bone marrow stem cells via hematopoiesis

68
Q

Leukocytes

Granulocytes

A

Leukocytes with granules in their cytoplasm that are visible with light microscope

69
Q

Phagocytes

Neutrophils

A

Phagocytic, work in early stages of infection

70
Q

Phagocytes

Basophils & Mast Cells

A

Release histamine; work in allergic responses

71
Q

Phagocytes

Eosinophils

A

Phagocytic; produce toxic proteins against parasites & helminths

72
Q

Leukocytes

Agranulocytes

A

Leukocytes with granules in their cytoplasm that are not visible with a light microscope

73
Q

Phagocytes

Monocytes

A

Mature into macrophages in tissues where they are phagocytic

74
Q

Phagocytes

Dendritic Cells

A

Found in the skin, mucous membranes, and thymus; phagocytic

75
Q

Agranulocytes

Lymphocytes

A

NK cells produce perforin & granzymes to kill infected & cancerous host cells
T cells and B cells play a role in adaptive immunity

76
Q

Phagocyte Migration & Phagocytosis

Margination

A

The sticking of phagocytes to blood vessels in response to cytokines at the site of inflammation

77
Q

Phagocyte Migration & Phagocytosis

Diapedesis

A

Phagocytes squeeze between endothelial cells

78
Q

Phagocytes

Phago

A

(Greek) Meaning Eat

79
Q

Phagocytes

Cyte

A

(Greek) Meaning Cell

80
Q

Phagocytes

Fixed Macrophages

A

Residents in tissues and organs

81
Q

Phagocytes

Free (wandering) Macrophages

A

Roam tissues and gather at sites of infection

82
Q

Pathogen Recognition

Pathogen-associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)

A

Molecules associated with pathogens are recognized by phagocytes (ex. Peptidoglycan, Flagellin, LPS, Lipopeptides, Viral DNA or RNA)

83
Q

Pathogen Recognition

Toll-like Receptors (TLRs)

A

On phagocytes attach to PAMPs

84
Q

Phagocytosis

Chemotaxis

A

Chemical signals attract phagocytes to microorganisms

85
Q

Phagocytosis

Adherence

A

Attachment of a phagocyte to the surface of the microorganism

86
Q

Phagocytosis

Ingestion (Opsonization)

A

Microorganism is coated with serum proteins, making ingestion easier

87
Q

Phagocytosis

Digestion

A

Microorganism is digested inside a phagolysosome

88
Q

Activation of Adaptive Immunity

Activation of Adaptive Immunity

A

TLRs bound to PAMPs induce the release of cytokines from innate immune cells that regulate the intensity and duration of immune responses

89
Q

Activation of Adaptive Immunity

Cytokines

A
90
Q

Inflammation

A

The body’s local response to damage.

91
Q

Functions of Inflammation

A
  • Destroy injurious agent
  • Limit injurious agent effects on the body
  • Repair & replace tissue damaged by the injurious agent
92
Q

5 Signs and Symptoms of Inflammation

A
  1. Erythema (redness)
  2. Edema (swelling)
  3. Heat
  4. Pain
  5. Altered Function
93
Q

Acute Inflammation

A

The body’s immediate local response to damage

94
Q

Acute Inflammation

1st

A

Vasoconstriction for blood loss

95
Q

Acute Inflammation

2nd

A

Vasodilation & increased vascular permeability by histamine released from damage cells

96
Q

Acute Inflammation

3rd

A

influx of phagocytes that will recognize PAMPs

97
Q

Fever

A

Abnormally high body temperature. Higher temperature good for some immune responses. Higher temperatures slow mesophilic bacterial growth.
Hypothalamus is normally set at 37C. Cytokines released in response to LPS cause the hypothalamus to release prostaglandins that reset to a higher temperature. Body constricts the blood vessels, and shivering occurs to raise temperature. After the infection, vasodilation and sweating occurs and the body temperature falls (crisis)

Microbiology 455 (7 decks)

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