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ch 16 vocab Flashcards

1
Q

big data

A

a general term used to describe the massive amount of data available to today’s managers; often unstructured and are too big and costly to easily work through use of conventional databases, but new tools are making these massive datasets available for analysis and insight

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2
Q

business intelligence (bi)

A

a term combining aspects of reporting, data exploration and ad hoc queries, and sophisticated data modeling and analysis

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3
Q

analytics

A

a term describing the extensive use of data, statistical and quantitative analysis, explanatory and predictive models, and face-based management to drive decisions and actions

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4
Q

machine learning

A

a type of artificial intelligence that leverages massive amounts of data so that computers can improve the accuracy of actions and predictions on their own without additional programming

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5
Q

dynamic pricing

A

dynamic ticket pricing use takes off, and teams hope it’ll lure fans back into sports stadiums

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6
Q

data

A

raw facts and figures

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7
Q

information

A

data presented in context so that it can answer a question or support decision-making

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8
Q

knowledge

A

insight derived from experience and expertise

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9
Q

database

A

a single table or a collection of related tables

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10
Q

database management system (dbms)

A

sometimes referred to as database software; software for creating, maintaining, and manipulating data

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11
Q

structured query language (sql)

A

a language used to create and manipulate databases

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12
Q

database administrator (dba)

A

job title focused on directing, performing, or overseeing activities associated with a database or set of databases. these may include (but not necessarily limited to): database design, creation, implementation, maintenance, backup and recovery, policy setting and enforcement, and security

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13
Q

table of file

A

a list of data, arranged in columns (fields) and rows (records)

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14
Q

column or field

A

a column in a database table; columns represent each category of data contained in a record (ex: first name, last name, id, number, date of birth)

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15
Q

row or record

A

a row in a database table; records represent a single instance of whatever the table keeps track of (ex: student, faculty, course title)

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16
Q

relational database

A

the most common standard for expressing databases, whereby tables (files) are related based on common keys

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17
Q

serverless computing

A

a type of cloud computing where a third-party vendor manages servers, replication, fault-tolerance, computing scalability, and certain aspects of security, freeing software developers to focus on building “business solutions” and eliminating the need to spend time and resources managing the technology complexity of much of the underlying “it solution”

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18
Q

transaction processing systems (tps)

A

systems that record a transaction (some form of business-related exchange), such as a cash register sale, atm withdrawal, or product return

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19
Q

transaction

A

some kind of business exchange

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20
Q

loyalty program

A

systems that provide rewards and usage incentives, typically in exchange for a method that provides a more detailed tracking and recording of customer activity. in addition to enhancing data collection, loyalty cards can represent a significant switching cost

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21
Q

artificial intelligence

A

computer software that seeks to reproduce or mimic (perhaps with improvements) human thought, decision-making, or brain functions

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22
Q

data aggregators

A

firms that collect and resell data

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23
Q

legacy systems

A

older information systems that are often incompatible with other systems, technologies, and ways of conducting business. incompatible legacy systems can be a major roadblock to turning data into information, and they can inhibit firm agility, holding back operational and strategic initiativesd

24
Q

data warehouse

A

a set of databases designed to support decision-making in an organization

25
data mart
a database or databases focused on addressing the concerns of a specific problem (ex: increasing customer retention, improving product quality) or business unit (ex: marketing, engineering)
26
online analytical processing (olap)
a method of querying and reporting that takes data from standard relational databases, calculates and summarizes the data, and then stores the data in a special database called a data cube
27
data cube
a special database used to store data in olap reporting
28
data lake
a catch-all term for storage and access technologies used in big data; systems that allow for the storage of date in both structured as well as "raw," "unfiltered" formats; provide the tools to "pipe out" data, filter it, and refine it so that it can be turned into information
29
hadoop
a set of mostly open source tools to manage massive amounts of unstructured data for storage, extraction, and computation
30
data cloud
sometimes referred to as cloud data warehousing, refers to a cloud service that provides tools to extract and transform data from disparate sources so that it can be interrogated as needed. unlike data warehouses, data lakes, or similar tools that an organization might run on-site, it can be spun up to temporarily hold a very large amount of data for short-term use, then disbanded when it is no longer needed. snowflake is the best known of the many firms providing services in this space
31
etl
extract, transform, load; copying data from multiple, disparately organized data sources, transforming (or cleaning) the data into a common format, and loading it into a combined usable format; a key step in getting data into a data warehouse or data mart
32
e-discovery
the process of identifying and retrieving relevant information to support litigation efforts
33
query tools
a tool to interrogate a data source or multiple sources and return a subset of data, possibly summarized, based on a set of criteria
34
python
a general purpose programming language that is also popular for data analytics
35
r
a programming language specifically created for analytics, statistical, graphical computing
36
graphical query tools
allow a user to create a query through a point-and-click or drag-and-drop interface, rather than requiring programming knowledge
37
canned reports
reports that provide regular summaries of information in a predetermined format
38
ad hoc reporting tools
tools that put users in control so that they can create custom reports on an as-needed basis by selecting fields, ranges, summary conditions, and other parameters
39
dashboards
a heads-up display of critical indicators that allow managers to get a graphical glace at key performance metrics
40
data visualization
the graphical representation of data and information
41
omnichannel
providing customers with a unified experience across customer channels, which may include online, mobile, catalog, phone, and retail. pricing, recommendations, and incentives should reflect a data-driven, accurate, single view of the customer
42
data mining
the process of using computers to identify hidden patterns in, and to build models from, large datasets
43
over-engineer
build a model with so many variables that the solution arrived at might only work on the subset of data you've used to create it
44
deep learning
a type of machine learning that uses multiple layers of interconnections among data to identify patterns and improve predicted results; most often uses a set of techniques known as neural networks and is popular applied in tasks like speech recognition, image recognition, and computer vision
45
supervised learning
a type of machine learning where algorithms are trained by providing explicit examples of results sought, like defective versus error-free, or stock price
46
self-supervised learnign
sometimes called unsupervised learning, where systems build pattern-recognizing algorithms using data that has not been pre-classified
47
semi-supervised learning
a type of machine learning where the data used to build models contains data with explicit classifications, but is also free to develop its own additional classifications that may further enhance result accuracy
48
captchas
an acronym standing for completely automated public turing test to tell computers and humans apart; the turing test is, rather redundantly, an idea (rather than an official test) that one can create a test to tell computers apart from humans
49
turing test
conceived by alan turing, a turing test of software's ability to exhibit behavior equivalent to, or indistinguishable from, a human being
50
optical character recognition (ocr)
software that can scan images and identify text within them
51
neural networks
a set of technologies used in ai and particularly in machine learning; hunt down and expose patterns, building multilayered relationships that human's can't detect on their own
52
expert systems
a set of technologies used in the development of ai systems that use a set of programmed decision rules or example outcomes to perform a task in a way that mimics applied human expertise
53
genetic algorithms
ai technologies that seek an optimal model by transforming or "mutating" an algorithm (versus neural networks, which add weights and mappings to a combination of inputs) - iteratively testing the result and choosing the best outcome
54
change management
refers to techniques to facilitate organization change, including preparing individuals for change and offering trainign and support during and after implementation; is especially important in is use, as many information systems implementations involve radical change to the way a firm conducts business or the way individuals and teams operate within the organization
55
deepfake
creates bogus media - images, sound, or video - created by artificial intelligence that distort media in a way that makes it appear that a false event actually took places
56
shallowfakes
manipulating media without using artificial intelligence. ex: photoshop or simply slowing down a video and passing the distortion off as truth
57

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