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Micro > Ch. 16 Innate Immunity: Nonspecific Defenses of the Host > Flashcards

Ch. 16 Innate Immunity: Nonspecific Defenses of the Host Flashcards

1
Q

What is Immunity?

A

The ability to ward off disease

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2
Q

What is Susceptibility?

A

the lack of resistance to a disease

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3
Q

What are the general characteristics of Innate immunity?

A
  • Defenses that are present at birth
  • provides rapid response
  • Does not involve memory response
  • Early-warning system
  • prevents microbes from gaining access and helps eliminate those that do
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4
Q

What are the general characteristics to Adaptive Immunity

A
  • slower to respond but has memory component
  • based on a specific response to a specific microbe
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5
Q

What activates the innate immune system of the human body

A

protein receptors found in the plasma membrane of defense cells:

(TLRs/PAMPs)

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6
Q

What are Toll-like receptors (TLRs)?

A

Protein receptors in the plasma membrane of defensive cells

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7
Q

What are Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

A

components found on pathogens

  1. Flagellin
  2. (LPS) Lipopolysaccharide (-)
  3. Peptidoglycan (+)
  4. DNA
  5. RNA
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8
Q

What are Cytokines?

A

proteins that regulate the intensity and duration of immune responses when TLRs and PAMPs interact

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9
Q

What are the physical Factors of 1st line of defense?

A
  1. Skin
  2. Mucous Membrane
  3. Lacrimal Apparatus
  4. Saliva
  5. Microbes expelled
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10
Q

How’s does the skin defend the body?

A

2 ways:

The Epidermis

  • Outer, thinner portion in direct contact with the environment
  • Top layer is dead and contains keratin, a protective protein

& the Dermis

  • inner, thicker portion composed of connective tissue
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11
Q

How does the mucous membrane protect the body?

A
  • Lines entire gastrointestinal, respiratory, and genitourinary tracts
  • Nose hairs filters air
  • mucus traps organisms and propels mucus with debris toward the throat
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12
Q

how does Lacrimal Apparatus protect the eyes?`

A

tears drain away microbes

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13
Q

How does Saliva protect the body?

A

Helps dilute numbers of microorganisms and wash them from the teeth and mucous membranes of the mouth

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14
Q

What are the various ways microbes are expelled from the body?

A
  1. Urine
  2. vaginal secretions
  3. peristalsis
  4. defecation
  5. vomiting
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15
Q

What are the substances (Chemicals) made by the body for 1st line of defense?

A
  1. Sebum
  2. Perspiration
  3. Saliva
  4. Gastric Juices
  5. Vaginal Secretions
  6. Urine
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16
Q

What is Sebum?

A
  • Oily substance produced by sebaceous glands of the skin that helps give skin its low pH (unsaturated fatty acids and lactic acid)
  • Prevents hair from drying and becoming brittle
  • its a protective film over the surface of the skin
17
Q

how does perspiration chemically protect the body ?

A
  • From sweat glands to maintain body temperature, eliminate certain wastes and flush microorganisms from the surface of the skin
  • Lysozyme an enzyme capable of breaking down cell walls of gram-positive bacteria, primarily (also found in tears, saliva, nasal secretions, tissue fluids and urine)
18
Q

How does Saliva chemically protect the body?

A

Contains additional chemical substances that inhibit microbes

19
Q

What does Gastric Juices have that chemically protect the body?

A
  • Mixture of hydrochloric acid, enzymes and mucus with a low pH to destroy bacteria and most bacterial toxins
  • Bacteria can be protected by food particles
20
Q

What are lysozyme?

A

is an enzyme that has antimicrobial property and capable of breaking down cell walls of gram (+) bacteria

21
Q

Where are lysozymes found in the body?

A
  1. Tears
  2. Saliva
  3. Nasal secretions
  4. Tissue fluids
  5. Urine
22
Q

What is the 3rd component of the 1st line of defense?

A

Norma Flora

23
Q

What are the Major components of the 2nd Line of defense?

A
  1. Lymphatic System
  2. Antimicrobial Substances
  3. Inflammation
  4. Fever
24
Q

What are the 3 major functions of the lymphatic system

A
  1. Collects excess interstitial fluid and returns them to the blood
  2. Transports lipids from tissue surrounding the small intestine to blood
  3. filters and destroys microbes, dead tissue, and other foreign substances
25
Q

The 5 steps of phagocytosis

A
  1. Chemotaxis- movement of phagocyte toward infected cell
  2. Adherence : formation of pseudopods around infected cells
  3. Ingestion: engulfing of microbe and phagosome formation
  4. Digestion: release of digestive enzymes by lysosomes
  5. Killing: hydrolytic enzymes release causing destruction of microbe
26
Q

What are phagolysosome

A
  • The plasma membrane of the phagocyte extends projection called pseudopods that engulf the microorganism
  • Once the microorganism is surrounded, the pseudopods meet and fuse and form a sac called phagosome or phagocytic vesicle
  • The phagosome pinches off from the plasma membrane and enters the cytoplasm, where it contacts lysosomes that contain digestive enzymes and bactericidal substances
  • On contact, the phagosome and lysosome membrane fuse to form a single, large structure called phagolysosomes which allows the digestion of microorganism
27
Q

What is inflammation

A

is a nonspecific defensive response of the body when tissues are damaged by:

  1. Punctures
  2. Abrasions
  3. Burns
  4. Foreign Objects
  5. Infections
  6. Toxins
28
Q

what is the Complement System?

A
  • a group of protein found in blood serum.
  • when activated proteins complement or enhance immune, allergic, and inflammatory reaction
29
Q

What are interferons specifically used for in the body?

A
  • combats viral infection by interferIng with their multiplication
  • when IFN binds to a body cell, it causes the cell to produce specific enzymes, that blocks the synthesis of specific proteins needed by virus to multiply
30
Q

What are Iron-Bind Proteins?

A

They prevent growth of certain bacteria by reducing the amount of available iron

31
Q

Where do the complement proteins come from?

A

The liver

32
Q

what is the inactivated form of the complement system?

A

Upper case letter C

C1 through C9

Micro (11 decks)

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