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Anatomy 2 > Ch 16 - Endocrine Sys > Flashcards

Ch 16 - Endocrine Sys Flashcards

1
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemicals analagous to neurotransmitters

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2
Q

What type of hormones are made from cholesterol?

Where are they made?

A

Steroids

Made in gonads and adrenal cortex

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3
Q

What are 3 ways the endocrine system is stimulated to release hormones?

A

Humoral - blood concentration
Neural - nervous system
Hormonal - one gland to another

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4
Q

What 2 things affect the concentration of hormones in the bloodstream?

A

Rate of release

Rate of absorption/removal

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5
Q

What is the other name for the pituitary gland?

A

Hypophysis

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6
Q

Where are oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone(ADH) stored?

A

Posterior pituitary

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7
Q

Where are oxytocin and ADH made?

A

Hypothalamus

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8
Q

What does oxytocin do?

What are its targets?

A

Targets: uterus and breast

  • Releases breast milk
  • Causes contractions for labor
  • Acts as a neurotransmitter - sexual/affectionate behavior, promotong nurturing, couple bonding, trust - can be platonic (friends/pets)
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9
Q

What does ADH do?

What are its targets?

A

Maintains water levels, preventing dehydration and water retention

Targets the kidneys

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10
Q

What are topins?

A

Hormones that regulate that actions of other endocrine glands

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11
Q

What are the 4 tropic hormones and 3 direct hormones?

A 
FLAT
Follicle stimulating hormone
Luteinizing hormone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Thyroid stimulating hormone

PEG
Prolactin
Endorphins
Growth hormone

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12
Q

How do the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus control the endocrine system?

A

Hypothalamus is the big main boss. It stimulates the anterior pituitary to release its hormones.

Anterior pituitary is the master endocrine gland that controls other endocrine glands - 4 of 6 hormones it releases are tropins

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13
Q

What are tropic hormones (tropins)?

A

They tell another gland to release its hormones

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14
Q

What is GH?
What does it do?
What are its targets?

A
  • Growth hormone
  • Tissue building hormone
  • Triggers production of growth promoting proteins
  • Triggers increase of glucose and fatty acids for fuel
  • Targets liver, muscle, bone, cartilage and other tissues
  • daily cycle - highest during sleep
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15
Q

Whats the other name for growth hormone?

A

Somatotropin

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16
Q

What is TSH and what does it do?

A
  • Thyroid stimating hormone
  • targets the thyroid gland
  • controls its development and activity (tropin)
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17
Q

Which hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex?

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

18
Q

What are the gonadotropins?

What do they do?

A
  • They regulate the gonads (ovaries & testes)
  • Follicle stimating hormone - production of gametes (egg/sperm)
  • Luteinizing hormone - production of gonadal hormones (testosterone, estrogen, progesterone), triggers ovulation, works with FSH to maturation of egg-containing ovarian follicles
19
Q

Which hormone is responsible for milk production?

A

Prolactin = PROduction

Oxytocin causes release

20
Q

What 2 hormones are produced by the thyroid?

What do they do?

A

Thyroid hormone & Calcitonin

  • Thyroid hormone - controls metabolic function of every tissue in the body
  • Calcitonin - minor role in blood calcium levels
21
Q

How are TSH, T3 & T4 related?

A

TSH comes from anterior pituitary and stimulates thyroid to release TH

T3 + T4 = Thyroid hormone
T4 has 1 more iodine and is more plentiful
T3 is stronger/more potent

22
Q

What is the most important hormone in regulating blood calcium levels?

What are its targets?

A

Parathyroid hormone = PTH = Parathormone

Targets: skeleton, KD, intestines

23
Q

Where are glucogon & insulin made?

What do they do?

A

In the pancreas

Glucogon - raises blood sugar
Insulin - lowers blood sugar

24
Q

What is glycogen?

A

The storage form of glucose

25
Q

What is hCG?

Where is it made?

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin

Made in placenta

26
Q

Where is erythropoietin made?

What does it do?

A

EPO is made in the KD

It causes bone marrow to increase production of red blood cells

27
Q

Where is cholecalciferol made?

What does it do?

A

Made in in the skin
in response to exposure to UV radiation
Inactive form of vitamin D3

Travels to the LIVER then becomes fully activated vitamin D3 in the KIDNEYS

28
Q

Which hormones are produced by the adrenal medulla?

A

Epinephrine & norepinephrine

29
Q

What 3 types of hormones are secreted by the adrenal cortex?

What do they do?

A

MINERALcorticoids - controls electrolytes (sodium & potassium)

GONADOcorticoids - control ssex hormones

GLUCOcorticoids - control sugar

30
Q

How are hormones from the adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex different?

A

Adrenal MEDULLA handles ACUTE stressors

Adrenal CORTEX handles CHRONIC stressors

31
Q

What hormone is secreted by the pineal gland?

What does it do?

A

Melatonin

  • Influences the rythm or processes such as body temperature, sleep & appetite
  • Effects timing of puberty - inhibiting it from occuring too early
  • Controls protective antioxidant & detoxification molecules in cells
  • Highest at night, lowest at noon
32
Q

What is a hormone and how does it work?

A

Chemical form of neuro transmitter

Travel thru blood or lymph and target most cells in the body

Responses occur after a lag time of seconds to days

Long lasting, widespread & diverse results

33
Q

Name the endocrine glands

A 
Pituitary 
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenal
Pineal

Hypothalamus is neuroendocrine

34
Q

Discribe the 2 categories of hormones

A

Amino acid based

  • most common
  • include simple amino acid derivatives, peptides or proteins

Steroids

  • made from cholesterol
  • made in thebgonads and adrenal cortex (EX)
35
Q

What are the 2 ways hormones act on receptors?

A

Indirect

  • act on receptors in the plasma membrane using G proteins and second messengers to mediate a target cell response
  • water soluble hormones
  • includes all amino acid based hormones except Thyroid hormone

Direct

  • hormone acts ob receptors inside the cell to dorectly activste genes
  • lipid soluble hormones
  • Includes steroids and thyroid hormones
36
Q

What are the 3 factors that determine target cell activation?

A

Blood levels of hormone
Amount of receptors the cell has
Affinity(strength) of the bond

37
Q

Explain up-regulation and down-regulation

A

Up-regulation
- target cells form NEW receptors in response to persistently LOW hormone levels

Down-regulation
- target cells DECREASE the number of receptors in response to persistently HIGH hormone levels

38
Q

Discribe the 3 types of hormone interaction when working together

A

Permissiveness
- hormone requires a 2nd hormone for full effect

Synergism
- when combined individual effects are amplified

Antagonism
- opposite effects of each other

39
Q

What 2 hormones are stored in the posterior pituitary?

Where are they made?

A

Oxytocin & antidiuretic hormone

Both made in the hypothalamus

40
Q

What is aldosterone?

Where is it made?

What does it target?

A

Most common and potent mineralocorticoid

Mineralocorticoids regulate electrolyte concentrations

Made in Adrenal Cortex

Main target is KD

41
Q

What is the most common glucocorticoid in humans?

A

Cortisol

Anatomy 2 (2 decks)

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