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Anatomy 2 > Ch 15 - Special Senses > Flashcards

Ch 15 - Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 special senses?

A 
Vision
Taste
Smell
Hearing
Equilibrium
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2
Q

What is the lacrimal caruncle?

A

Located at medial comissure - between eyeball and inner canthus

Contains sebaceous and sweat glands and produce white oily secretion that collects here

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3
Q

What is the connunctiva?

A

Mucus membrane that covers the eye and moisturizes

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4
Q

What is the lacrimal apparatus?

A

Lacrimal gland and ducts that produces tears and drains tears into nose

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5
Q

Which muscles close and open the eye?

A

Orbicularis - squeezes eye shut

Lavator palpabrae - lifts eyelid

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6
Q

What are the 6 muscles that move the eye?

A

Lateral/medial/superior/inferior rectus
Ingerior/superior oblique

(SO4 LR6)3

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7
Q

What are the 2 parts of the outermost fibrous layer of the eyeball?

Discribe them

A

Sclera (bigger)

  • white of eye
  • tough and tendon-like
  • provides attachment site for eye muscles
  • continuous w/ dura mater of brain where optic nerve connects

Cornea (dome)

  • transparent, allows light to enter
  • avascular = no blood vessels
  • bulges anteriorly from eyeball
  • has many nerve endings, mostly pain receptors
  • when touched causes reflexive blinking & tearing
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8
Q

Which muscles control the pupil?

Which is under sympathetic control?

A

Sphinctor pupillae
Dilator pupillae

Dilator pupillae is under sympathic control

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9
Q

What are the 3 types of neurons in the retina?

A

Photoreceptor
Bipolar cell
Ganglion cell

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10
Q

What is the difference between rods and cones?

A

Rods - grayscale, dim lit, peripheral vision, more abundant

Cones - color, bright light, clarity/crispness

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11
Q

What is the optic disk?

A

Blind spot in the eye

No photoreceptors

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12
Q

What are the macula & fovea?

A

Fovea is within the Macula
Fovea is 100% cones
Cones intermixed w/rods and become more sparse as you move outward in macula

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13
Q

Discribe the chambers of the eye
What divides them?
What are the filled with?

A

Iris divides eye into 2 chambers
Both filled sith aqueous humor

Anterior chamber
Between cornea and iris

Posterior chamber
Between iris and lens

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14
Q

Discribe the segments of the eye
What divides them?
What are they filled with?

A

The LENS divides the eye into the anterior and posterior segment

Posterior segment is much LARGER and filled with vitreous humor

Anterior segment is SMALLER and filled with aqueous humor

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15
Q

What shape is the lens?

A

Biconvex

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16
Q

How does color relate to absorbed and reflected light?

A

Color thats reflected is seen

All other colors are absorbed

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17
Q

What 3 things happen for near vision?

A

Eyes converge
Lens changes shape
Pupils constrict

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18
Q

Explain the visual pathway

A
  • Axons of retinal ganglion cells exit the eye in the optic nerves
  • At X shaped optic chiasm, fibers from medial aspect of each eye cross over to the opposite side and continue on via optic tract
  • Lateral fibers of nerve stay on the same side
  • As result each optic tract contains lateral fibers from same side and medial fibers from opposite side
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19
Q

Movement and innervation of

Lateral rectus
Medial rectus
Superior rectus
Inferior rectus

Where do they originate?

A

Lateral rectus - laterally (CN 6)
Medial rectus - medially (CN3)
Superior rectus - superiorly (CN3)
Inferior rectus - inferiorly (CN3)

Originate from the common te dinous ring behind the eye

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20
Q

Discribe movement and innervation of

Superior oblique
Inferior oblique

A

Superior oblique - rotates eye DOWN & LATERALLY
(CN 4)

Inferior oblique - rotates eye UP & LATERALLY
(CN 3)

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21
Q

What are the 3 regions of the vascular layer of the eye?

Discribe each

A

Choroid - blood vessel rich, dark brown membrane, absorbs light, largest of 3 regions, forms posterior 5/6 of vascular layer,

Ciliary body - thickened ring of tissue that encircles the lens and controls its shape, smooth muscle, located on anterior aspect of choroid

Iris - most anterior, back of is continuous with w/ ciliary body, creates color, darker color = more pigment, brown is only pigment, structures make it appear different colors

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22
Q

What is the wavelength of visible light?

A

400-700 nm

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23
Q

What is inversion?

A

Bc of the shape of our lens and the refraction thag occurs, objects ate inverted (upside down and backwards) on the retina

24
Q

Are our eyes best suited for near or far vision?

A

Far vision

25
Q

What is a glomerulus?

Where are they located

A

Spherical structure in olfactory bulb where olfactory nerves synapse with mitral cells

Each glomerus represents a single aspect of an odor (like a note in a chord)

Different odors activate different subsets of glomeruli that may overlap

26
Q

What is unusual about olfactory neurons?

A

Life span is 30-60 days bc exposed to outside world

Dont go to thalamus

  • 1 path to frontal lobe
  • 1 path to hypothalamus, amygdaloid body and other regions of the limbic system
27
Q

What is the MAIN sensory receptor used in olfaction?

A

Chemoreceptor - chemical solution

28
Q

What are gustatory epithelial cells

A

Receptors for taste

29
Q

What are the 5 basic tastes

A 
Sweet
Sour
Salty
Bitter
Umami
30
Q

What cranial nerves do taste go to?

What brain regions?

A

CN VII (facial) & CN IX (glossopharyngeal)

To the medulla, the thalamus and gustatory cortex (in insula)

31
Q

What do basal epithelial cells do?

A

Act as stem cells for taste?

32
Q

What type of receptors are used for gustation?

A

Chemoreceptors

33
Q

What part of the ear effectively serves as a funnel?

A

Auricle (outter ear(

34
Q

What structure divides the external and middle ear?

A

Tympanic membrane (ear drum)

35
Q

What structures span the middle ear?

A

Auitory ossicles

Malleus - incus - stapes
Hammer - anvil - stirrup

36
Q

What is the middle ear filled with?

A

Air

37
Q

Howare the bony labyrinth membranous labyrith, perilymph nd endolymph related

A

Bony labyrinth is filled with perilymph (similar to CSF)

Membranous labyrinth is suspended in perilympth and CONTAINS endolymph (similar to intracellular fluid)

Both fluids conduct sound vibrations and respond to mechanical forces resulting from changes in body position and acceleration

38
Q

What are the 3 regions of the inner ear

A

Vestibule (foyer)
Semicircular canal (posterior, carnival ride)
Cochlea (snail shell)

39
Q

Where are the scalae located?

How do the relate to the oval and round window?

A

Scalae 3 separate chambers located within cochlea

Scala VESTIBULI - superior, abuts oval window
Scala MEDIA - middle, aka cochlear duct
Scala TYMPANI - inferior, abuts round window

40
Q

What is the organ of corti and where is it located?

A

Its the receptor for hearing - spiral organ

Located in the cochlear duct

Made of supporting cells and hearing cells called cochlear hair cells

41
Q

Whoch structures of the inner ear are related to hearing?

A

Cochlea for hearing

Vestibule and semicircular canals are for balance

42
Q

How do frequency and pitch relate to sound?

A

Higher pitch = higher frequency

43
Q

Why dont we hear sounds beloe 20 hz

A

Not strong enough to displace hair

Ears hear between 1500-4000 Hz

44
Q

How does sound travel through the ear?

A
  • Enter external acoustic meatus
  • Strike tympanic membrane & cause it to vibrate at same frequency
  • ossicles amplify and transfer the motion to the oval window (20x pressure)
  • stapes pushing on oval windoe generates a wave in the perilymph within the scala vestibuli
  • high frequency sounds cause scala media to vibrate, which stimulates the hair cells causing an action potential
45
Q

Discribe the olfactory pathway

A
  • Axons of the olfactory sensory neurons form the olfactory nerves
  • Olfactory nerves synapse in the overlying olfactory bulbs (distal end of olfactory tracts)
  • In olfactory bulbs the filaments of olfactory nerves synapse with mitral cells in glomeruli (little balls)
  • When mitral cells are activiated, impulses flow from the olfactory bulbs to the olfactory cortex (via olfactory tracts)
46
Q

What is the organ of smell?

A

Olfactory epithelium

Yellow tinged patch of pseudostratified epithelium of the roof of the nasal cavity

47
Q

Discribe the 2 pathways that take info from olfactory cortex to various parts of the brain

A
  1. To frontal lobe above the orbit where smells are consciously interpreted and identified (only some of this info passes thru the thalamus)
  2. To hypothalamus, amygdaloid body and other regions of the limbic system. Emotional reaponses to odors are elicited (danger/appetizing/unpleasant)
48
Q

Can olfactory sensory neurons be replaced?

A

Yes they have a life span of 30-60 days

49
Q

What is olfactory adaptation?

A

Decreased response to a sustainee stimulus

50
Q

How many taste buds do we have?

Where are they located?

A

10,000

51
Q

Where does the ascending auditory pathway travel?

A

Cochlea to cochlear nerve
(CN VIII - vistibulocochlear)

To thalamus

Then primary auditory cortex in termporal lobe

NOT all fibers cross over, each auditory cortex receieves info from both ears

52
Q

What structure handles equilibrium?

What is it made up of?

A

The vestibular apparatus

Made up of 3 equilibrium sensors in the semicircular canals and 2 in the vestibule

53
Q

What are the maculae?

Where are they located?

How do the differ from one another?

A

Maculae are sensory organs that respond to linear acceleration

One macula in the sacule and one in the utricle - both in the vestibule

Utricle - macula is horizontal, hairs are vertical
Sacule - macula is vertical, hairs are horizontal

54
Q

What are otoliths?

A

Like a weighted blanket inside the maculae

Increase the weight of the membrane and make it resistant to changes in motion

Prevent over sensitivity

55
Q

What is the crista ampullaris?

A

A receptor within each semicircular canal that responds to rotational acceleration

Each contains many hair cells

Hairs bend in response to changes in velocity of ROTATIONAL movements of the head

56
Q

Which cranial nerve carries hearing and equillibrium?

A

CN VIII

Vestibulocochlear

57
Q

What is the nerve pathway from the vestibular apparatus to the brain?

A

Motion causes hairs within vestibular apparatus to move

Impulses travel to:

  • Vestibular nuclei in the brain stem OR
  • Cerebellum

Anatomy 2 (2 decks)

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