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Question 1

Which factors contribute to a large number of cancer deaths?

Answer 1

Evidence supports that most cancers could be prevented by simple lifestyle changes
Tobacco is responsible for about 30% of all cancer deaths
Poor diet and exercise habits account for another 30% of cancer deaths

Question 2

What is “cancer”?

Answer 2

the abnormal and uncontrollable multiplication of cells that can lead to death

Question 3

What is “metastasis”?

Answer 3

Metastasizing – the traveling and seeding process of cancerous cells
Cells break away from primary tumor and invade surrounding tissues or travel through the blood and lymphatic system
New tumors are called
Secondary tumor or metastases

Question 4

What is “hyperplasia”?

Answer 4

abnormal increase in the number of normal cells in normal arrangement in an organ or tissue, which increases its volume

Question 5

What is “dysplasia”?

Answer 5

abnormality of development.

2. in pathology, alteration in size, shape, and organization of adult cells

Question 6

Common cause (type of ) cancer deaths in U.S.?

Answer 6

lung cancer
colon and rectal cancer
breast cancer
prostate cancer
skin cancer
head and neck cancer
testicular cancer

Question 7

Risk factors for colon cancer?

Answer 7

Age: 91% occurs in ages 50 or older
Heredity
Lifestyle (alcohol use, smoking, exercise, nutrition)
Polyps

Question 8

What is relationship of obesity and alcohol use to breast cancer risk?

Answer 8

fat cells produce estrogen
estrogen levels are higher in obese women
-alchohol can intervene w/ estrogen metabolism in liver & increase estrogen in blood
-estrogen promotes cell growth in breasts and uterus

Question 9

Risk factors for breast cancer?

Answer 9

Strong genetic factor
Most common in women over 50
Common causes: genetic predisposition, high fat, high calorie diet and sedentary lifestyle, alcohol use, early onset of menstruation, first child after age 30, obesity
Current use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
Estrogen: cancer in estrogen-responsive sites

Question 10

How is prostate cancer diagnosed?

Answer 10

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test

Digital rectal exam

Question 11

What is the HPV vaccine? Age of administration of vaccine?

Answer 11

human papillomus
the virus that causes the most commonly diagnosed sexually transmitted disease in the us, it linked to several types of cancer
11-12 girls
13-26 receive catch up vaccines who have not been vacinated

Question 12

What is melanoma?

Answer 12

a malignant tumor of the skin that arises from pigmented cells, usually a mole

Question 13

What is squamous cell carcinoma?

Answer 13

cancer of the surface layers of the skin

Question 14

What is basal cell carcinoma?

Answer 14

cancer of the deepest layers of the skin

Question 15

How is skin cancer prevented?

Answer 15

Prevention
Avoid long-term overexposure to sunlight
Sunscreen, protective clothing, shade

Question 16

What is the meaning of SPF for skin cancer prevention?

Answer 16

use a sun protection factor over 15

the amount of time you can stay out of the sun before you burn compared when not using sunscreen

Question 17

Risk factors for oral cancer?

Answer 17

• Tobacco use of any kind, including cigarettes, cigars, pipes, chewing tobacco and snuff, among others
• Heavy alcohol use
• Excessive sun exposure to your lips
• A sexually transmitted virus called human papillomavirus (HPV)

Question 18

Risk factors for testicular cancer?

Answer 18

Increased risk if undescended testicles
rare! about 1% in men 20-35
common in white men

Question 19

What is a “carcinogen”?

Answer 19

a substance capable of causing cancer in living tissue.

Question 20

What is a “mutagen”?

Answer 20

an agent, such as radiation or a chemical substance, that causes genetic mutation.

Question 21

What is a “cancer promoter”?

Answer 21

Do not directly produce mutations; accelerate the growth of cells without damaging or permanently altering the DNA

Question 22

What is a “cancer initiator”?

Answer 22

Carcinogenic agents

UV radiation