Ch. 15: Treatment of Psychological Disorders

Question 1

psychopathology

Answer 1

also called abnormal psychology, the study of mental disorders and unusual or maladaptive behaviours.

Question 2

Psychopharmacology

Answer 2

the use of medications that affect the brain or body functions to treat psychological disorders

Question 3

eclectic approach

Answer 3

using various techniques.approaches to treatment that seem appropriate for a given client

Question 4

psychotherapy

Answer 4

The generic name given to formal psychological treatment generally aimed at changing patterns of thought, emotion, or behavior.

Question 5

biological therapies

Answer 5

Treatments of psychological disorders based on medical approaches to disease (what is wrong with the body) and to illness (what a person feels as a
result).

Question 6

free association

Answer 6

the client would say whatever came to mind and the therapist would look for signs of unconscious conflicts, especially where the client appeared resistant to discussing certain topics.

Question 7

dream analysis

Answer 7

the therapist would interpret the hidden meaning of the client’s dreams

Question 8

psychodynamic therapy

Answer 8

A form of therapy based on Freudian theory; it aims to help clients examine their needs, defenses, and motives as a way of understanding distress. It is an insight-based therapy which considers maladaptive
behavior the result of an underlying problem.

Question 9

modeling

Answer 9

the client is encouraged to imitate the displayed behavior (by the therapist), rehearse it in therapy, and later apply the learned behavior to real-world situations. This is part of social skills training

Question 10

prolonged exposure therapy

Answer 10

This treatment involves those with PTSD repeatedly revisiting and recounting their traumatic experience and gradually approaching situations that they have been avoiding because of reminders of their traumatic experience.

Question 11

rational-emotive therapy

Answer 11

Through this approach, the therapist acts as a teacher, explaining the client’s errors in thinking and demonstrating adaptive ways to think and behave

Question 12

interpersonal therapy

Answer 12

a form of psychotherapy that focuses on relieving symptoms by improving interpersonal functioning. It addresses current problems and relationships rather than childhood or developmental issues. Therapists are active, non-neutral, supportive and hopeful, and they offer options for change.

Question 13

mindfulness-based cognitive therapy

Answer 13

designed to help people who suffer repeated bouts of depression and chronic unhappiness. It combines the ideas of cognitive therapy with meditative practices and attitudes based on the cultivation of mindfulness.

Question 14

behavior therapy

Answer 14

Treatment based on the premise that behavior is learned and therefore can be unlearned through the use of classical and operant conditioning.

Question 15

exposure

Answer 15

A behavioral therapy technique that involves repeated exposure to an anxiety-producing stimulus or situation.

Question 16

cognitive therapy

Answer 16

Treatment based on the idea that distorted thoughts produce maladaptive behaviors and emotions; treatment strategies attempt to modify these thought patterns.

Question 17

cognitive restructering

Answer 17

A therapy that strives to help clients recognize maladaptive thought patterns and replace them with ways of viewing the world that are more in tune with reality.

Question 18

cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

Answer 18

A therapy that incorporates techniques from cognitive therapy and behavior therapy to correct faulty thinking and change maladaptive behaviors.

Question 19

humanistic approach

Answer 19

the humanistic approach to personality emphasizes
personal experience and the individual’s belief systems. The goal of humanistic therapy is to treat the person as a whole, not as a collection of behaviors or as a repository of repressed thoughts.

Question 20

reflective listening

Answer 20

the therapist repeats clients’ concerns to help them clarify their feelings.

Question 21

motivational interviewing

Answer 21

a counseling method that helps people resolve ambivalent feelings and insecurities to find the internal motivation they need to change their behavior. It is a practical, empathetic, and short-term process that takes into consideration how difficult it is to make life changes.

Question 22

client-centered therapy

Answer 22

An empathic (humanistic) approach to therapy; it encourages people to fulfill their individual potentials for personal growth through greater self-understanding.

Question 23

systems approach

Answer 23

an individual is part of a larger context. Any change in individual behavior will affect the whole system. This effect is often most apparent within the family.

Question 24

Lithium

Answer 24

long considered the most effective treatment for bipolar disorder, although the neural mechanisms of how it works are unknown. (mood stabilizer)

Question 25

three categories of psychotropic medication

Answer 25

antianxiety drugs, antidepressants, and antipsychotics

Question 26

anticonvulsants

Answer 26

drugs that prevent seizures
– They can also stabilize moods in bipolar disorder

Question 27

psychotropic medications

Answer 27

Drugs that affect mental processes.

Question 28

antianxiety drugs

Answer 28

A class of psychotropic medications used for the treatment of anxiety. also called anxiolytics or tranquilizers.
One class of anti-anxiety drugs is the
benzodiazepines.
* increase the activity of GABA (the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the nervous system)
* induce drowsiness
* highly addictive

Question 29

antidepressants

Answer 29

A class of psychotropic medications used for the treatment of depression. They are often used for other disorders, particularly anxiety disorders.
– monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors (makes more serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine available in the synapse)
– tricyclics antidepressants (inhibit the reuptake of mainly serotonin and norepinephrine, resulting in more of each neurotransmitter being available in the synapse.)
– selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) the best-known is Prozac.
* SSRIs can lead to sexual dysfunction.

Question 30

antipsychotics

Answer 30

A class of psychotropic medications used for the treatment of schizophrenia and other disorders that involve psychosis. also known as neuroleptics.
– One side effect is tardive dyskinesia (the involuntary twitching of muscles, especially in the neck and face)

Question 31

trepanning

Answer 31

a surgical intervention in which a hole is drilled or scraped into the human skull

Question 32

psychosurgery

Answer 32

treatment of psychosis or other mental disorders by means of brain surgery.

Question 33

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Answer 33

a noninvasive procedure that uses magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells in the brain to improve symptoms of depression

Question 34

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Answer 34

A procedure that involves administering a strong electrical current to the brain to produce a seizure; it is effective for some cases of severe depression.

Question 35

deep brain stimulation (DBS)

Answer 35

a neurosurgical procedure that uses implanted electrodes and electrical stimulation to treat movement disorders associated with Parkinson’s disease (PD), essential tremor, dystonia and other neurological conditions.

Question 36

placebo effect

Answer 36

An improvement in physical or mental health following treatment with
a placebo—that is, with a drug or treatment that has no active
component for the disorder being treated.

Question 37

Technology-based treatments

Answer 37

use minimal contact with therapists and rely on smartphones, computer programs, or the internet to offer some form of psychological treatment

Question 38

systematic desensitization

Answer 38

a version of exposure therapy used to help people address various mental health concerns. In this treatment, an individual works with a therapist to learn relaxation techniques and plan a methodical series of exposures to anxiety-provoking stimuli.

Question 39

exposure and response prevention therapy (OCD)

Answer 39

The person is directly exposed to the stimuli that trigger compulsive behavior but is prevented from engaging in the behavior. This treatment derives from the theory that a particular stimulus triggers anxiety and that performing the compulsive behavior reduces the anxiety

Question 40

phototherapy,

Answer 40

intentional daily exposure to direct sunlight or similar-intensity artificial light in order to treat medical disorders, especially seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

Question 41

atypical antipsychotics

Answer 41

also known as second-generation antipsychotics. e.g. Seroquel—is an atypical antipsychotic that has grown in popularity and is now the most commonly prescribed drug for bipolar disorders

Question 42

dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)

Answer 42

A form of therapy used to treat borderline personality disorder that combines elements of the behavioral and cognitive treatments with a mindfulness approach based on Eastern meditative practices.

Question 43

Conduct disorder

Answer 43

a childhood condition known to be a precursor to antisocial personality disorder. It involves a persistent pattern of inappropriate behavior, such as bullying, cruelty to animals, theft, lying, and violating rules and social norms.

Question 44

applied behavioral analysis (ABA)

Answer 44

An intensive (40 hours a week for 2 years) treatment for autism based on operant conditioning (Behaviors that are reinforced should increase in frequency, and behaviors that are not reinforced should diminish)