Ch 15 Flashcards
Define worldview and list the six components
Worldview: Totality of psychological, thought, and emotional components of behaviors and decision making
Ontology: Epistemology: Semiotics: Axiology: values, ethics Teleology: beliefs about afterlife Praxeology: social norms
Ontology:
Component of world view
theology, cosmology, metaphysics
Epistemology:
Component of world view
reasoning
Semiotics:
Component of world view
symbols, gestures
Axiology:
Component of world view
values, ethics
Teleology:
Component of world view
beliefs about afterlife
Praxeology:
Component of world view
social norms
Assimilation
when two conflicting cultural variables must be reconciled
Results in development of new cultural identity
Acculturation
integration of components of the newly introduced culture
May not cause change in cultural identity
When does bias occur in assessment?
when aspects of the test or test delivery unfairly penalize test takers due to personal characteristics
can be evident or more hidden
Can pertain to the test, test taker or examiner
What are the three types of Test Bias that may occur?
- Content Bias
- Predictive Bias
- Internal Structure Bias
Define Content Bias (type of test bias)
when testing materials are more familiar to one group than another
May be due to language, culture specific questions, clarify in instructions, faulty scoring of items
Define Differential Item Functioning
occurs when individuals have similar ability on the construct being assessed but score differently due to format of specific items
Due to CONTENT bias (test bias)
Define Predictive Bias (Test bias)
degree to which scores predict the criterion measure performance equally well among different groups
e.g. SATS better predictors for blacks than whites
Explain bias in internal structure (test bias)
occurs when factor structures for groups are inconsistent or scores across groups yield different relationships due to instrumentation
Internal structure – correlations between items and the total test score
What are the 3 key test taker biases?
- Language barriers
- Test Familiarity
- Motivation
Explain Examiner Bias
how examiner’s beliefs and values may be impacting the assessment process
Can influnece:
- results
- treatment of client
What is a culture free test?
intended to involve questions and processes providing all individuals with an equal familiarity or footing
Most prominent in intelligence testing
Define Cultural Loading
*One of the reasons why developing culture free tests has been unsuccessful
Cultural loading – questions reflect an expectation of previous development of knowledge
e..g using slang term for lower socioeconomic class -> doesn’t usually happen
Define culture-fair tests
designed to minimize as opposed to eliminate biases in the test-taking procedures and interpretation of results
*because it’s impossible to create culture free tests
Includes: Lack of bias Equal treatment Equal opportunity accross scores opporunity to learn
How have culture-fair tests impacted the accuracy of intelligence tests?
culture-fair intelligence tests have reduced accuracy in the measurement of intelligence
Define Flagging
when accommodations have been made to standardized assessments
Very controversial - are with unfairly applying labels to people who need accomodations?
What are some of the culture-fair test?
Cattell's Culture Fair Test TEMAS Goodenough-Harris Drawing Test Naglieri Nonverbal Ability Test Columbia Mental Maturity Scale
Cattell’s Culture Fair Intelligence Test
nonverbal test to measure fluid ability
(Cattell viewed fluid intelligence as an inherited quality - problem solving _Info processing)
Materials designed to be unfamiliar to all subjects
3 forms: Scale I, Scale II, Scale III
Naglieri Nonverbal Ability Test (NNAT-2)
measures general ability that does not require client to read, write, or speak
Culturally neutral evaluation
*used in gifted a talented programs; also for limiter motor skils, hearing impairments and color vision impairments
Columbia Mental Maturity Scale
measures general reasoning ability
(origiallly desinged for children with cerebral palsy)
Used of palsy, brain damage, disability, hearing loss, speech impairment, etc
What is the most requested test modification for those with a disability?
Increased time
Define blindness vs. vision impairment
Vision impairments – having 20/40 or worse vision even with corrective glasses
Blindness: visual acuity with best correction worse or equal to 20/400 or a visual field of 20 degrees or less
what are some accomodations that could be made for clients with vision impairments?
Room with few distractions, modified lighting
Appropriate writing instruments and materials
More time for testing
Slower reading instructions
Testing over several days
Define hearing impairment
total or partial inability to hear
Should identify what mode of communication works best for your client
Describe the instruments/assessment process of hearing impaired clients
Several instruments have been normed on those who are deaf or hard of hearing but only some are partially useable (e.g. only performace section)
Verbal IQ = rarely used
INSTEAD: performace subtests are more frequently used
Describe some of the modification you can make for hearing impaired clients
Electronic device to amplify examiner’s voice
Written instructions
Interpreter
Define Motor Impairments and Motor tests
Motor impairments – partial or total loss of function of a body part
Motor test: evaluates a person’s mobility and ability to move parts of the body
Define: Hidden Impairments
Two types
wide range of invisible disabilities varying in severity that can affect test interpretation
Cognitive impairments (intellectual disabilities): deficits in perception of information, ways this information is coded, stored, and used in practical applications
Emotional impairments: mental health disor
