Ch 1

Question 1

What are the four assessment methods? List their subtypes

Answer 1

TOIS (like TOYS - assessments are toys)

1. Interviews
   - stuct, semi, unsturc
2. Tests
   - Standardized, questionnaires, work samples, protective drawings
3. Observations
   - event recordings, time sampling, anecdotal
4. Screening

Question 2

What are the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing (the Standards)?

Answer 2

Written: 1985

Collection of best practices that describe how tests should be developed and appropriate uses of tests

Have been revised twice

Question 3

Define Assessment

Answer 3

a process that integrates test information with information from other sources

Involves collecting data from a variety of sources

Question 4

Describe the difference between goals of assessment, appraisal and evaluation

Answer 4

Assessment: goal is to document and describe what is going on with the client ( largely objective)

Appraisal/Evaluation: counsellors makes JUDGEMENTS based on evidence they collect. Subjective

Question 5

Define: Psychological Testing

Answer 5

An objective, standardized measure of behaviour

Question 6

Assessment includes collecting data from what four sources:

Answer 6

FIND (Like Find the information)

Direct source: Client
Indirect source: Family/friends etc
Formal/Informal methods: observation, interviewing, screening, standardized testing

Question 7

Assessment serves what four purposes:

Answer 7

(a) screening
(b) diagnosis
(c) treatment planning and goal identification
(d) progress evaluation

Question 8

Earliest recorded use of assessment practice was where/when/why?

Answer 8

China - 2200 BCE

Used to select citizens to serve as governments officials; mostly used on the wealthiest families

Question 9

Greek contribution to assessment?

Answer 9

Socrates - we should used assessment in education planning

Plato - we should match skill/aptitude with career choices to make a strong workforce

Question 10

Middle ages, Galton’s contribution

Answer 10

1800s
Believed that human mental abilities were largely inherited (cousin to Darwin)

Began developing statistical concepts

Question 11

Who was the father of experimental psychology?

Answer 11

Wilhelm Wundt

• first psychological labraroty
• Wanted to study intelligence in a rigorous, experimental manor
• Method let to standardization of procedures

Question 12

James Cattell

Answer 12

Established first American experimental psychology lab

Developed term: Mental test

Believed that intelligence was multifaceted

Question 13

Modern Era (1890 - 1910)

Binet and Henri

Answer 13

Defined intelligence as a collection of complex mental abilities

Developed Binet-Simon scale of intelligence;

• retarded french children
• Introduced IQ which is ratio of mental age vs chronological age

Question 14

Ternman (1916)

Answer 14

Revied Binet-Simon Scale to publish Standard Binet Scale

Question 15

Yerkes (1910 - WW1)

Answer 15

Tests to measure intellegicen and emotional capacity for army

Army Alpha - Literate
Army Beta - Illeterate (nonverbal test)

Question 16

Who was the ‘father of guidance”

Answer 16

Parsons - led vocational guidance movement

• developed 3 step model for career counselling:
  1) Research client
  2) Research world
  3) Come up with a good match

Question 17

Spearman

Answer 17

proposed one of the earliest theories of intelligence (g) and specific intelligence (s)

General intelligence: individual’s overall intellectual ability

Question 18

Thurstone

Answer 18

argued against Spearman’s g factor and identified seven independent factors, called primary abilities, which constituted human intelligence

Question 19

Wechsler

Answer 19

introduced a new assessment instrument designed to measure adult intelligence, known as the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale

Designe d to assess” global capacity of individual to act purposefully in his environment”

Question 20

Mental Measurements Yearbook (1938)

Answer 20

Resource that listed avaialbe instruments and evaluated their structure;

published every 2-3 years

last edition 2013

Question 21

1943, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Answer 21

Objective measure of Psychopathology

Hathaway and McKinley

Criterion keying: items selected based on ability o accurately assess various signs/symptoms of many diagnostic labels

Still one of most widely use personality assessments

Question 22

Define authentic assessment:

Answer 22

assessment that tests students ability by measuring how well they perform in real-life contexts; changed how students were evaluated - not just how well they could recall but also apply info

Question 23

Describe the Era of Discontent (1960-197)

Answer 23

• Call for greater training and control over the use of tests and assessment
• Gender and ethnic biases
• Hobson and Hasen court case: assessments were biased against minorities
• Family Education Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) in 1974
• Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 (PL-94-142)