Ch. 15-17 Flashcards
What are some of the physical changes expected in middle adulthood?
- Wrinkles, sags, age spots, thinner and grayer hair, losing height, lose eye sight, age 70
- Eye sight: at 60, 1/3 amount of light
- Hearing also declines by age 60..
- Lungs: Also start changin
What are some cognitive changes?
-Can’t sleep as well,
What are some cultural or non biological influences on health?
-Stress and sense of control, income, social status, education, physical environment
What is the main cause of death in middle adulthood?
- Chronic diseases (cancer, heart disease, cerebrovascular disease)
- men have higher mortality rates than women on these
What are some gender/ethnic differences in chronic diseases?
-Men have higher mortality rates
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What is menopause? What are some associated symptoms?
When a women’s menstrual cycle stops.
-Hot flashes, nausea, fatigue, rapid heartbeat.
What are some changes in male hormones and their effects?
- Testosterone begins to decline 1% per year
- Most men do not lose the ability to father children
- Modest decline in sexual hormone level and activity
- Erectile dysfunction is common in middle-aged men
Crystalized vs fluid intelligence? How do they change with age?
Crystallized: An individuals accumulated information and verbal skills. Increases in middle adulthood
Fluid Intelligence: The ability to reason abstractly. May decrease in middle adulthood.
What is the role of religion in middle age for men and women?
-Plays a bigger role in women’s lives - helps them cope when they think about dying
What is Frankls theory?
-Thinks the study of death and the finiteness of life will add meaning. Why do we exsist and what we want the maning of life to be! Not spiritual
What is Levingstons theory of transitioning into early adulthood? What “conflicts” do men come to grips with?
The stage between 40-45 and requires that men come to grips with conflicts:
- young vs. old
- destructive vs. constructive
- masculine vs. feminine
- being attached to others vs. being separated from them
What is midlife crisis vs midlife consciousness?
Crisis: Freak out that can occur in middle age
Consciousness: Increase in awareness, interests, and concern at middle life that can lead to midlife transition
What is the daily hassels vs. major life event stressors?
Daily Hassles: Weight, health, housekeeping, to do lists, losing things, investments, appearance
Major Life event stressors: Death, job loss, divorce
What is the fight vs flight tend-and befriend theory?
Fight or flight - become agressive, withdraw from social contact, or drink alcohol
Tend-and-befriend: Seek social allies with others
How do different cultures respond to aging? Which cultures have more respect for their elders?
Unindustrialized countries usually don’t have a middle age, and have more respect for their elders
What are the big 5 personality characteristics?
- Openness
- Conscientiousness
- Extraversion
- Agreeableness
- Neuroticism
What is the empty nest syndrome?
Decline in marital satisfaction after the children leave home.
What are different types of grandparents?
- Biological
- Reward and continuity
- Emotional self fulfillment
- Remote
- Dominant-formal
- Funseeking, distant
What is the sandwich generation?
-Generation who gives care to parent and children at the same time.
What are some of the responsibilities of middle adults?
jobs, kids, old parents
What is the difference between life span and life expectancy?
Life span: Maximum number of years someone can live
Life expectancy: The number of years that an average person born in a particular year will live.
Who are the young-old, old-old, and oldest old?
Young old: 65-84
Old-Old- 85+
What are the different theories regarding the causes of aging?
Evolutionary theory
Cellular clock theory - our bodies become less capable of dividing
Mitochondrial: Decline in mitochondriac
Hormonal Stress: lower resistance to stress, and makes risk greater
How does brain size change with age?
5 to 10 % of weight loss by 90.
Which neurotransmitters are involved in aging diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinsons?
Alzheimer’s: Acetylcholine, tau’s, and amyloid plaques
What are some of the things young and older people can do to protect their neurological/cognitive health? Physical health?
- Get enough sleep
- Keep the brain busy
- Exercise
what factors in middle adult predict a happy later life?
-Marriage, exercise,
Which brain area is involved in making new explicit memories?
Temporal lobe
What are changes in eye sight with age? What are the 3 common diseases?
-Visual acuity, color vision, and depth perception declines
Cataracts: Thickening of lens that makes vision cloudy
Glaucoma: Buildup of fluid in eye that damages the optic nerve
Macular Degeneration: The macula degenerates which corresponds to the focal center of the eyeball
What are changes in hearing? What percentage of older adults are hearing impaired or deaf?
After 75 it declines greately
15%
What are some chronic health problems of older adults and their symptoms?
arthritis, hypertension, heart conditions, diabeties, asthma, osteoperosis
What are the leading causes of death?
Cancer and cardiovascular disease
What is the difference between cognitive mechanics and cognitive pragmatics?
Cognitive mechanics: hardware of the mind that was developed through evolution, speed, and accuracy, attention, visual and motor memory
Cognitive pragmatics: Culture based software programs, reading and writing skills language, comprehension, education, professional skills
What cognitive processes decline most with age? Which are the most stable?
Verbal is the most constant, episodic memory declines the mose
How does processing speed and reaction time change with age? Which are most stable?
Declines with age, considerable individual variation, often due to a decline in brain and CNS functioning
What are the different types of attention? When do we use each type?
Selective: Focusing on a specific aspect of experience that is relevant while ignoring others that are irrelevant
-Older adults are generally good at this
What are the different types of memory? How are these relatively affected by aging?
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What is the “use it or lose it”? “Tip of the tongue”
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What is dementia? Alzheimer’s? Parkinsons? Multi-infarct? What are the differences between them?
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What is wisdom?
Expert knowledge about the practical aspects of life that permit excellent judgement about important matters…
Difference between older and younger employees?
Older have lower reports of absenteeism, fewer accidents, and higher job satisfaction
How should one prepare for retirement?
Save money ,have friends, have hobbies. Be flexible with not having a structured schedule and pursue your own interests!
What are the risk factors of depression in older adults?
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What is the incidence of health disorders among older adults? More or less than younger?
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How does aerobic exercise and walking affect physical, cognitive, and mental health?
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What are some recommendations Erikson would have for working with older adults?
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What is reminiscence theory?
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What are 3 theories about the older adults (activity, socioemotional, selective optimization?) How do these differ? What behavior would you predict based on each?
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How do priorities change over life span?
Family becomes more important than friends and then health becomes really important
How does personality affect ongevity
concientiousness is linked with a longer life
What is ageism? Elder care? Generational inequality? Age incongruity? What are some issues with each?
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What are some of the problems or challenges faced by the health care industry with increasing number of older adults?
Not enough space for them
What factors are related to poverty in old age?
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What role do friendships play in old age? For men? For women?
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What are widow, widower stats? What are the different reactions people can have to the death of a spouse?
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how to deal with a dying person? How can you help them?
Open communication
What are the advantages/disadvantages of knowing you are going to die?
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What are Kubler-Ross’ stages of dying? What are the criticisms of her theory?
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How do children interpret death? How can you help them cope? At what age do they understand its permance?
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What is cortical death?
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of “improving” health care? What is palliative care? Hospice? Euthanasia?
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What are the leading causes of death of each age group?
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Climateric
Midlife transition when fertility declines
s
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What cognitive processes decline most with age? Which are the most stable?
How does this affect intelligence?
Verbal is the most constant, episodic memory declines the most
I don’t think it really affects intelligence
What are the different types of memory? How are these relatively affected by aging?
-Explicit: facts and experiences people know and can state, more likely to be effected by aging
implicit: memory without conscious recollection
Semantic memory: person’s knowledge about the world. Older adults take longer to retrieve, but they can do it
Source memory: Ability to remember where you learned something
Prospective memory: remembering to do something in the future
What is the “use it or lose it”? “Tip of the tongue”
If you don’t use parts of your brain, it’ll prune them.
Tip of the tongue - when you know a word, but you just can’t think of it.
What is dementia? Alzheimer’s? Parkinsons? Multi-infarct? What are the differences between them?
Dementia: Any neurological disorder in which primary symptoms involve a deterioration of mental functioning
alzheimers: progressive irreversible brain disorder that is characterized by a gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language and eventually physical function
Parkinsons: chronic progressive disease characterized by muscle tremors, slowing of movement, and partial facial paralysis, degeneration of dopamine-producing neuronsin the brain
What are the risk factors of depression in older adults?
- Depression is less common in older adults than younger adults.
- happen more in the old-old - widows and low income
- women 50 to 60, men 60 to 80
What is the incidence of health disorders among older adults? More or less than younger?
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How does aerobic exercise and walking affect physical, cognitive, and mental health?
- Helps it
What are some recommendations Erikson would have for working with older adults?
discussing past activities and experiences with an individual or group - use photographs familiar items, and recordings
What is reminiscence theory?
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What are 3 theories about the older adults (activity, socioemotional, selective optimization?) How do these differ? What behavior would you predict based on each?
-Activity theory: the more active and involved older adults are, the more likely they are to be satisfied with their lives
-Socioemotional theory: older adults become more selective in their social networks. They spend more time with family individuals
Selective optimiazaion theory: successful aging depends on selection, optimization, and compensation
What is ageism? Elder care? Generational inequality? Age incongruity? What are some issues with each?
- Ageism: prejudice against someone because they are old
- Eldercare: Physical and emotional caretaking of older members of a family
- Generational inequality: society is being unfair to its younger members
What factors are related to poverty in old age?
-Social security is only half of what their income was
What role do friendships play in old age? For men? For women?
- Women: maintain social relationships
- Men: Linked with longevity
What are widow, widower stats? What are the different reactions people can have to the death of a spouse?
- IHAVE NO IDEA WHERE THE CRQAP IS HTI SINFOMATION EW
how to deal with a dying person? How can you help them?
Open communication
What are the advantages/disadvantages of knowing you are going to die?
-sometimes perceived control may work as an adaptive strategy, psychologists say it is best for an old person to know they are dying
What are Kubler-Ross’ stages of dying? What are the criticisms of her theory?
- Denial
- Anger
- Bargaining
- Depression
- Acceptance
How do children interpret death? How can you help them cope? At what age do they understand its permance?
-Middle and late childhood start to understand - honesty is the best strategy
What is cortical death?
-Persistant veggie state :(
What are the advantages and disadvantages of “improving” health care? What is palliative care? Hospice? Euthanasia?
-Euthanasia: Painlessly ending someones life who has an incurable disease or sever disability.
-Hospice: Program dedicated to making the end of life as free from pain, anxiety, and depression as possible.
Palliative care: Reducing pain and helping individuals die with dignity
What are the leading causes of death of each age group?
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Older adult most likely to commit suicide:
Older adult male who lives alone, has lost his spouse, and is experiencing failing health
