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Human Development > Ch. 15-17 > Flashcards

Ch. 15-17 Flashcards

1
Q

What are some of the physical changes expected in middle adulthood?

A
  • Wrinkles, sags, age spots, thinner and grayer hair, losing height, lose eye sight, age 70
  • Eye sight: at 60, 1/3 amount of light
  • Hearing also declines by age 60..
  • Lungs: Also start changin
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2
Q

What are some cognitive changes?

A

-Can’t sleep as well,

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3
Q

What are some cultural or non biological influences on health?

A

-Stress and sense of control, income, social status, education, physical environment

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4
Q

What is the main cause of death in middle adulthood?

A
  • Chronic diseases (cancer, heart disease, cerebrovascular disease)
  • men have higher mortality rates than women on these
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5
Q

What are some gender/ethnic differences in chronic diseases?

A

-Men have higher mortality rates

-

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6
Q

What is menopause? What are some associated symptoms?

A

When a women’s menstrual cycle stops.

-Hot flashes, nausea, fatigue, rapid heartbeat.

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7
Q

What are some changes in male hormones and their effects?

A
  • Testosterone begins to decline 1% per year
  • Most men do not lose the ability to father children
  • Modest decline in sexual hormone level and activity
  • Erectile dysfunction is common in middle-aged men
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8
Q

Crystalized vs fluid intelligence? How do they change with age?

A

Crystallized: An individuals accumulated information and verbal skills. Increases in middle adulthood
Fluid Intelligence: The ability to reason abstractly. May decrease in middle adulthood.

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9
Q

What is the role of religion in middle age for men and women?

A

-Plays a bigger role in women’s lives - helps them cope when they think about dying

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10
Q

What is Frankls theory?

A

-Thinks the study of death and the finiteness of life will add meaning. Why do we exsist and what we want the maning of life to be! Not spiritual

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11
Q

What is Levingstons theory of transitioning into early adulthood? What “conflicts” do men come to grips with?

A

The stage between 40-45 and requires that men come to grips with conflicts:

  • young vs. old
  • destructive vs. constructive
  • masculine vs. feminine
  • being attached to others vs. being separated from them
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12
Q

What is midlife crisis vs midlife consciousness?

A

Crisis: Freak out that can occur in middle age
Consciousness: Increase in awareness, interests, and concern at middle life that can lead to midlife transition

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13
Q

What is the daily hassels vs. major life event stressors?

A

Daily Hassles: Weight, health, housekeeping, to do lists, losing things, investments, appearance
Major Life event stressors: Death, job loss, divorce

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14
Q

What is the fight vs flight tend-and befriend theory?

A

Fight or flight - become agressive, withdraw from social contact, or drink alcohol
Tend-and-befriend: Seek social allies with others

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15
Q

How do different cultures respond to aging? Which cultures have more respect for their elders?

A

Unindustrialized countries usually don’t have a middle age, and have more respect for their elders

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16
Q

What are the big 5 personality characteristics?

A
  • Openness
  • Conscientiousness
  • Extraversion
  • Agreeableness
  • Neuroticism
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17
Q

What is the empty nest syndrome?

A

Decline in marital satisfaction after the children leave home.

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18
Q

What are different types of grandparents?

A
  • Biological
  • Reward and continuity
  • Emotional self fulfillment
  • Remote
  • Dominant-formal
  • Funseeking, distant
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19
Q

What is the sandwich generation?

A

-Generation who gives care to parent and children at the same time.

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20
Q

What are some of the responsibilities of middle adults?

A

jobs, kids, old parents

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21
Q

What is the difference between life span and life expectancy?

A

Life span: Maximum number of years someone can live

Life expectancy: The number of years that an average person born in a particular year will live.

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22
Q

Who are the young-old, old-old, and oldest old?

A

Young old: 65-84

Old-Old- 85+

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23
Q

What are the different theories regarding the causes of aging?

A

Evolutionary theory
Cellular clock theory - our bodies become less capable of dividing
Mitochondrial: Decline in mitochondriac
Hormonal Stress: lower resistance to stress, and makes risk greater

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24
Q

How does brain size change with age?

A

5 to 10 % of weight loss by 90.

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25
Q

Which neurotransmitters are involved in aging diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinsons?

A

Alzheimer’s: Acetylcholine, tau’s, and amyloid plaques

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26
Q

What are some of the things young and older people can do to protect their neurological/cognitive health? Physical health?

A
  • Get enough sleep
  • Keep the brain busy
  • Exercise
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27
Q

what factors in middle adult predict a happy later life?

A

-Marriage, exercise,

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28
Q

Which brain area is involved in making new explicit memories?

A

Temporal lobe

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29
Q

What are changes in eye sight with age? What are the 3 common diseases?

A

-Visual acuity, color vision, and depth perception declines
Cataracts: Thickening of lens that makes vision cloudy
Glaucoma: Buildup of fluid in eye that damages the optic nerve
Macular Degeneration: The macula degenerates which corresponds to the focal center of the eyeball

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30
Q

What are changes in hearing? What percentage of older adults are hearing impaired or deaf?

A

After 75 it declines greately

15%

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31
Q

What are some chronic health problems of older adults and their symptoms?

A

arthritis, hypertension, heart conditions, diabeties, asthma, osteoperosis

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32
Q

What are the leading causes of death?

A

Cancer and cardiovascular disease

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33
Q

What is the difference between cognitive mechanics and cognitive pragmatics?

A

Cognitive mechanics: hardware of the mind that was developed through evolution, speed, and accuracy, attention, visual and motor memory
Cognitive pragmatics: Culture based software programs, reading and writing skills language, comprehension, education, professional skills

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34
Q

What cognitive processes decline most with age? Which are the most stable?

A

Verbal is the most constant, episodic memory declines the mose

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35
Q

How does processing speed and reaction time change with age? Which are most stable?

A

Declines with age, considerable individual variation, often due to a decline in brain and CNS functioning

36
Q

What are the different types of attention? When do we use each type?

A

Selective: Focusing on a specific aspect of experience that is relevant while ignoring others that are irrelevant
-Older adults are generally good at this

37
Q

What are the different types of memory? How are these relatively affected by aging?

A

-

38
Q

What is the “use it or lose it”? “Tip of the tongue”

A

-

39
Q

What is dementia? Alzheimer’s? Parkinsons? Multi-infarct? What are the differences between them?

A

-

40
Q

What is wisdom?

A

Expert knowledge about the practical aspects of life that permit excellent judgement about important matters…

41
Q

Difference between older and younger employees?

A

Older have lower reports of absenteeism, fewer accidents, and higher job satisfaction

42
Q

How should one prepare for retirement?

A

Save money ,have friends, have hobbies. Be flexible with not having a structured schedule and pursue your own interests!

43
Q

What are the risk factors of depression in older adults?

A

-

44
Q

What is the incidence of health disorders among older adults? More or less than younger?

A

-

45
Q

How does aerobic exercise and walking affect physical, cognitive, and mental health?

A

-

46
Q

What are some recommendations Erikson would have for working with older adults?

A

-

47
Q

What is reminiscence theory?

A

-

48
Q

What are 3 theories about the older adults (activity, socioemotional, selective optimization?) How do these differ? What behavior would you predict based on each?

A

-

49
Q

How do priorities change over life span?

A

Family becomes more important than friends and then health becomes really important

50
Q

How does personality affect ongevity

A

concientiousness is linked with a longer life

51
Q

What is ageism? Elder care? Generational inequality? Age incongruity? What are some issues with each?

A

-

52
Q

What are some of the problems or challenges faced by the health care industry with increasing number of older adults?

A

Not enough space for them

53
Q

What factors are related to poverty in old age?

A

-

54
Q

What role do friendships play in old age? For men? For women?

A

-

55
Q

What are widow, widower stats? What are the different reactions people can have to the death of a spouse?

A

-

56
Q

how to deal with a dying person? How can you help them?

A

Open communication

57
Q

What are the advantages/disadvantages of knowing you are going to die?

A

-

58
Q

What are Kubler-Ross’ stages of dying? What are the criticisms of her theory?

A

-

59
Q

How do children interpret death? How can you help them cope? At what age do they understand its permance?

A

-

60
Q

What is cortical death?

A

-

61
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of “improving” health care? What is palliative care? Hospice? Euthanasia?

A

-

62
Q

What are the leading causes of death of each age group?

A

-

63
Q

Climateric

A

Midlife transition when fertility declines

64
Q

s

A

-

65
Q

What cognitive processes decline most with age? Which are the most stable?
How does this affect intelligence?

A

Verbal is the most constant, episodic memory declines the most
I don’t think it really affects intelligence

66
Q

What are the different types of memory? How are these relatively affected by aging?

A

-Explicit: facts and experiences people know and can state, more likely to be effected by aging
implicit: memory without conscious recollection
Semantic memory: person’s knowledge about the world. Older adults take longer to retrieve, but they can do it
Source memory: Ability to remember where you learned something
Prospective memory: remembering to do something in the future

67
Q

What is the “use it or lose it”? “Tip of the tongue”

A

If you don’t use parts of your brain, it’ll prune them.

Tip of the tongue - when you know a word, but you just can’t think of it.

68
Q

What is dementia? Alzheimer’s? Parkinsons? Multi-infarct? What are the differences between them?

A

Dementia: Any neurological disorder in which primary symptoms involve a deterioration of mental functioning
alzheimers: progressive irreversible brain disorder that is characterized by a gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language and eventually physical function
Parkinsons: chronic progressive disease characterized by muscle tremors, slowing of movement, and partial facial paralysis, degeneration of dopamine-producing neuronsin the brain

69
Q

What are the risk factors of depression in older adults?

A
  • Depression is less common in older adults than younger adults.
  • happen more in the old-old - widows and low income
  • women 50 to 60, men 60 to 80
70
Q

What is the incidence of health disorders among older adults? More or less than younger?

A

-

71
Q

How does aerobic exercise and walking affect physical, cognitive, and mental health?

A
  • Helps it
72
Q

What are some recommendations Erikson would have for working with older adults?

A

discussing past activities and experiences with an individual or group - use photographs familiar items, and recordings

73
Q

What is reminiscence theory?

A

-

74
Q

What are 3 theories about the older adults (activity, socioemotional, selective optimization?) How do these differ? What behavior would you predict based on each?

A

-Activity theory: the more active and involved older adults are, the more likely they are to be satisfied with their lives
-Socioemotional theory: older adults become more selective in their social networks. They spend more time with family individuals
Selective optimiazaion theory: successful aging depends on selection, optimization, and compensation

75
Q

What is ageism? Elder care? Generational inequality? Age incongruity? What are some issues with each?

A
  • Ageism: prejudice against someone because they are old
  • Eldercare: Physical and emotional caretaking of older members of a family
  • Generational inequality: society is being unfair to its younger members
76
Q

What factors are related to poverty in old age?

A

-Social security is only half of what their income was

77
Q

What role do friendships play in old age? For men? For women?

A
  • Women: maintain social relationships

- Men: Linked with longevity

78
Q

What are widow, widower stats? What are the different reactions people can have to the death of a spouse?

A
  • IHAVE NO IDEA WHERE THE CRQAP IS HTI SINFOMATION EW
79
Q

how to deal with a dying person? How can you help them?

A

Open communication

80
Q

What are the advantages/disadvantages of knowing you are going to die?

A

-sometimes perceived control may work as an adaptive strategy, psychologists say it is best for an old person to know they are dying

81
Q

What are Kubler-Ross’ stages of dying? What are the criticisms of her theory?

A
  • Denial
  • Anger
  • Bargaining
  • Depression
  • Acceptance
82
Q

How do children interpret death? How can you help them cope? At what age do they understand its permance?

A

-Middle and late childhood start to understand - honesty is the best strategy

83
Q

What is cortical death?

A

-Persistant veggie state :(

84
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of “improving” health care? What is palliative care? Hospice? Euthanasia?

A

-Euthanasia: Painlessly ending someones life who has an incurable disease or sever disability.
-Hospice: Program dedicated to making the end of life as free from pain, anxiety, and depression as possible.
Palliative care: Reducing pain and helping individuals die with dignity

85
Q

What are the leading causes of death of each age group?

A

-

86
Q

Older adult most likely to commit suicide:

A

Older adult male who lives alone, has lost his spouse, and is experiencing failing health

Human Development (2 decks)

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