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Biology > Ch 15, 16 > Flashcards

Ch 15, 16 Flashcards

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0
Q

Taste umami

A
  • Glutamate, and many amino acids.
  • Cravings
  • Causes calcium channel to open
  • G-proteins
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1
Q

Taste: sweet

A
  • Carbs, artificial sweeteners, certain proteins.
  • Low sensitivity
  • Cravings
  • Potassium channel closes, releases neurotransmitter
  • G-Proteins
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2
Q

Taste: Bitter

A

-Bases (alkaloids)
-Often poisonous
-High sensitivity
-G-protein
Releases Ca+

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3
Q

Taste: Salty

A
  • Lowest sensitivity
  • Metal ions
  • Cravings
  • Sodium diffuses through Na+ channels
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4
Q

Name the function of the olfactory cortex and lobe location

A

Olfactory Cortex is in the temporal lobe
Function: primary area, conscious awareness of odors,
Receives sensory info from the Olfactory Bulb

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5
Q

What is the function of the intermediate Olfactory Area?

Which lobe is it located?

A

Adaptation, sends info back to the bulb to block or inhibit or suppress signals.
Secondary, frontal lobe

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6
Q

Taste: Sours

A
  • Acids

- Hydrogen ions from acids cause depolarization

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7
Q

What is the function of the medial olfactory area?

Which lobe is is located?

A

Medial Olfactory Area- emotions tied to smell, connections to the limbed system
Secondary, frontal lobe.

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9
Q

Function of taste

A
  • Each taste bud is capable of detecting all 5 basic tastes but each cell is more specific for 1 type
  • Many different tastes is a combo of receptors and smell
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10
Q

List route a smell takes to the brain becoming consciously aware.

A
  1. Oderant attaches to the olfactory hairs (cilia)
  2. Olfactory vesicles.
  3. Dendrite
  4. Olfactory neuron
  5. Axon
  6. Olfactory Bulb to the Mitral cells, Tufted cells & Granule cells
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11
Q

Actual sensation of taste. Name the facial nerve with position on tongue

A

7 facial nerve: anterior 2/3
9 glossopharyngeal: posterior 1/3
10 vagus nerve: epiglottis

Tractus solitarius: sends info to the thalamus -> insula

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12
Q

What are the secondary neurons of the olfactory bulb?

Name 3

A
  • Granule cell
  • Tufted cell
  • Mitral cell
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14
Q

What is ageusia?

A
  • Inability to taste

- Oral infections and Zinc sprays or lozenges cause it

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15
Q

Cells of the Olfactory Epithilium

A 
-Olfactory Neurons (replaced every 2 months)
        Humans- 10 million
        Dogs- 1 billion
        Blood hound- 4 billion
-Basal Cells
-Supporting Cells
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16
Q

Odorant receptors

A
  • 1000 different receptors
  • 4000 different detectable smells
  • High sensitivity
  • Low specificity
  • Adaptation
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17
Q

4 types of papillae

A

-Filiform papilla: middle, no taste buds
-Fungiform papilla: tip, anterior
-Foliate papilla: side
-Vallate papilla: posterior
Each have Epithelium and taste buds

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18
Q

Direction of taste upon tongue

A

Papilla -> Taste Buds (10K) -> Taste cells (500K) -replaced every 10 years

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19
Q

Which 3 cells compose the taste buds?

A

It’s a structure imbedded in the epithelial layer of the tongue.

  • Supporting cells
  • Basal cells
  • Taste cells
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20
Q

Neuronal pathway for taste

A
  1. Axons of sensory neurons, which synapse with taste receptors, pass through cranial nerves Facial nerve (VII), Glossopharyngeal (IX) and Vagus (X) and through the ganglion of each nerve
  2. The axons enter the brainstem and synapse in the nucleus of the tractus solitarius.
  3. Axons from the nucleus of the tractus solitarius synapse in the thalamus.
  4. Axons from the thalamus terminate in the taste area of the cortex
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21
Q

Lacrimal apparatus

A
  1. Tears are produced in the lacrimal gland and exit the gland through several lacrimal ducts.
  2. The tears pass over the surface of the eye.
  3. Tears enter the lacrimal canaliculi
  4. Tears are carried through the nasolacrimal duct
  5. Tears enter the nasal cavity from the nasolacrimal duct
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22
Q

What are the 3 tunics of the eye?

Name each part of eye.

A
  • Fibrous: Sclera and cornea
  • Vascular: Choroid, Ciliary body, Iris
  • Nervous: Retina
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25
Q

What are the 5 steps of the oderant binding to membrane of olfactory hair

A

1) the plasma membrane of an olfactory hair, unstimulated. Gated ion ch is closed
2) Oderant binds to a specific oderant receptor
3) G-Protien is activated. Alpha, beta, y dissociate. Alpha binds and activates adenylate cyclase.
4) Adenylate cyclase catalyzes the conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP
5) AMP opens ion channels: Na & Ca
6) Ions entering the olfactory hair cause depolarization of the neuron.

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30
Q

What is anosmia?

What are the causes?

A

Anosmia is the inability to identify common odors.

Causes: Congenital (from birth), sinus infection, head injury & disease

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31
Q

Autonomic motor nerves innervate…

A

Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Glands

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32
Q

Somatic motor neurons innervate…

A

Skeletal muscle

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33
Q

Name the 3 catecholamine hormones in the sympathetic division produced by the adrenal glands

A
  • Dopamine
  • Norepinephrine
  • Epinephrine
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34
Q

What are the 3 adrenergic receptors

Alpha or beta 1,2

A

Smooth muscle contraction. Alpha
Cardiac stimulation (heart). Beta 1
Smooth muscle relaxation (lungs). Beta 2

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35
Q

Refraction

A

Bending of light as it changes mediums

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36
Q

Pathway of light- name structure a ray of light would take

A

Cornea - aqueous humor - papillae - iris - aqueous humor - retina

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37
Q

myopia

A

Too powerful- too much refraction (bending of light)
eyeball too long
can read but not distance
nearsidedness

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38
Q

hyperopia

A
  • Too weak - too flat
  • farsidedness
  • short eyeball
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39
Q

presbyopic

A
  • eye wont become round again

- not enough convergence

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40
Q

Glossopharyngeal IX

A

Taste

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41
Q

What happens to the tastant after it dissolves?

A

Enter taste pores and cause it to depolarize
Neurotransmitters are released from the taste cells
Action potential is stimulated

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42
Q

taste bud vs taste cell vs papillae

A

Papillae: sections of the tongue
Taste buds: sensory structures that detect taste.
Taste cells: a taste bud contains many taste cells

43
Q

Name the 3 olfactory epithelium cells

A

Olfactory cell
supporting cell
basal cell

44
Q

taste areas of the brain and their function

A

VII facial nerve: taste, facial expression, tears, saliva
IX Glossopharyngeal: Taste, senses carotid blood pressure
X Vagus: taste, senses aoritic blood pressure, slows heart rate,stimulates digestive organs

45
Q

Describe the pathway taste reaches before the primary taste cortex

A
  • Axons of sensory nuerons which synapse with taste receptors, pass through cranial nerves 7, 9, 10 and through te ganlion of each nerve.
  • Axons enter the brainstem and synapse in the nucleus of the tractus solitarius.
  • thalamus
  • taste area of the cortex
46
Q

Optic disc

A

white spot where veins go in and out

47
Q

Lens

A

helps refract light to be focused on the retina. when the lens changes shape focuses on objects at various distances

48
Q

Fovea Centralis

A

allows for acute vision, contains only cone cells

49
Q

Posterior Chamber

A

area in back of the lens to the retina. contains jelly-like vitreous humor

50
Q

anterior chamber

A

area between the cornea and the lens. contains watery aqueous humor. maintains intraocular pressure.

51
Q

What happnes to a rod when it is exposed to light?

A

gated Na+ channels are open.
exposure to light stimulates the rod cell. Rhodopsin is activated.
rod cell hyper-polarizes
Na+ channel closes

52
Q

light and dark adaptation

A

light causes change from cis- trans
rhodospin activates a G protein activating phosphodiesterase.
cgmp- gmp
Na+ channels close
trans retinal detaches from opsin.
trans converted to cis and attaches to opsin = dark again

53
Q

Direction of light

A 
Ganglion cell
bipolar cell
horizontal cell
rod and cone cell
pigment cell
54
Q

Direction of action potential propagation in eye

A 
pigment cell
cone and rod cell
horizontal cell
bipolar cell
ganglion cell
55
Q

name layers in eye for direction of light

A

neural layer
pigmented layer
choroid

56
Q

describe direction of images from image to brain

A

peripheral (farthest left of left and right of right eye) change sides of brain.

57
Q

pinkeye

A

inflammation of the conjunctiva.

58
Q

chalazion

A

a lump of the eyelid caused by obstruction or inflammation of an oil gland
-palpebral gland

59
Q

stye

A

infection of the eyelash hair follicle

60
Q

Sphincter pupillae

A

closer ring muscle that constricts the pupil

61
Q

dilator pupillae

A

outer muscle that opens eye

62
Q

refraction of light

A

images are upside down

63
Q

refraction of lens on myopia and hyperopia

A

myopia: long eyeball, image crosses too early. nearsidedness
- concave lens
Hyperopia: short eyeball, image crosses too late farsidedness.
- Convex

64
Q

tip link

A

stereocilla are bent toaward the taller and the tip link stretches.
opens the K+ gate and K+ enter the cell

65
Q

basilar membrane and low pitch sounds

A

longer waves cause displacement of the basilar membrane some distance from the oval window.

66
Q

sound wave interaction with the ear

A

sound waves strike the Tympanic Membrane

  • malleus, icus, stapes
  • oval window
  • perilymph in the scala bestibuli
  • bestibular membrane
  • vibrations in the basilar membrane
67
Q

gravity and position of head

A

the endolymph does not moves at the same rate as the semicircular canals. this displaces the cupula opposite the head is moving. the fluid of the semicircular canals catches up and movement stops until direction moves again.

68
Q

semicircular canals do what?

A

enable a person to detect movement in all directions

69
Q

ampulae and cupula

A

ampulae are enlarged portions of the semicircular canal. the cupula are the gelantanious mass surrounding the stereocilla

70
Q

cholinergic receptors

A

Nicotinic receptors
*ligand gated channels
Muscarinic recetors
*g-protein

71
Q

adrenergic receptors

A

g-Protein

sympathetic second synapse

72
Q

skeletal effector

A

only one synapse

73
Q

sympathetic stimulation on the intrinsic muscles of the eye

A

contraction of radial muscle and dialation of pupil.

74
Q

ach

A

activator

75
Q

agonist

A

a substance that fully activates

76
Q

Antagonist

A

a drug that blocks the binding of agonist

77
Q

Cholinergic

A

nerve cells in which acetylcholine acts as a neurotransmitter.

78
Q

chlinergic drug uses

A

constricting pupil and contracting ciliary bodies of the eyes
lower heart rate
easier to urinate

79
Q

Parasympathetic

A

rest and digest.

80
Q

sympathetic

A

fight or flight.
Pupils enlarge,
sweat

81
Q

Donepezil

A

Alzheimer’s

82
Q

bethanechol

A

helps to cause urination

83
Q

atrovent

A

runny nose, allergies or common cold

84
Q

proventil

A

airway obstruction

85
Q

epi-pen

A

allergic reaction

86
Q

atenolol

A

chest pain

high blood pressure

87
Q

tenormin

A

hypertension

angina

88
Q

zemuron

A

muscle relaxant

anaesthesia

89
Q

cardura

A

enlarged prostate and high blood pressure

90
Q

symptoms of cholinergic overdose

A 
salavation
urination
confusion
defecation
diarrhea
91
Q

beta blockers

A

block stress hormones

protect the heart from a heart attack

92
Q

anticholinergic overdose

A 
flushing
dry skin
mydriasis
fever
urinary retention
93
Q

adrenergics

A

sympathetic nerves

Biology (4 decks)

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