Ch 15, 16 Flashcards
Taste umami
- Glutamate, and many amino acids.
- Cravings
- Causes calcium channel to open
- G-proteins
Taste: sweet
- Carbs, artificial sweeteners, certain proteins.
- Low sensitivity
- Cravings
- Potassium channel closes, releases neurotransmitter
- G-Proteins
Taste: Bitter
-Bases (alkaloids)
-Often poisonous
-High sensitivity
-G-protein
Releases Ca+
Taste: Salty
- Lowest sensitivity
- Metal ions
- Cravings
- Sodium diffuses through Na+ channels
Name the function of the olfactory cortex and lobe location
Olfactory Cortex is in the temporal lobe
Function: primary area, conscious awareness of odors,
Receives sensory info from the Olfactory Bulb
What is the function of the intermediate Olfactory Area?
Which lobe is it located?
Adaptation, sends info back to the bulb to block or inhibit or suppress signals.
Secondary, frontal lobe
Taste: Sours
- Acids
- Hydrogen ions from acids cause depolarization
What is the function of the medial olfactory area?
Which lobe is is located?
Medial Olfactory Area- emotions tied to smell, connections to the limbed system
Secondary, frontal lobe.
Function of taste
- Each taste bud is capable of detecting all 5 basic tastes but each cell is more specific for 1 type
- Many different tastes is a combo of receptors and smell
List route a smell takes to the brain becoming consciously aware.
- Oderant attaches to the olfactory hairs (cilia)
- Olfactory vesicles.
- Dendrite
- Olfactory neuron
- Axon
- Olfactory Bulb to the Mitral cells, Tufted cells & Granule cells
Actual sensation of taste. Name the facial nerve with position on tongue
7 facial nerve: anterior 2/3
9 glossopharyngeal: posterior 1/3
10 vagus nerve: epiglottis
Tractus solitarius: sends info to the thalamus -> insula
What are the secondary neurons of the olfactory bulb?
Name 3
- Granule cell
- Tufted cell
- Mitral cell
What is ageusia?
- Inability to taste
- Oral infections and Zinc sprays or lozenges cause it
Cells of the Olfactory Epithilium
-Olfactory Neurons (replaced every 2 months)
Humans- 10 million
Dogs- 1 billion
Blood hound- 4 billion
-Basal Cells
-Supporting CellsOdorant receptors
- 1000 different receptors
- 4000 different detectable smells
- High sensitivity
- Low specificity
- Adaptation
4 types of papillae
-Filiform papilla: middle, no taste buds
-Fungiform papilla: tip, anterior
-Foliate papilla: side
-Vallate papilla: posterior
Each have Epithelium and taste buds
Direction of taste upon tongue
Papilla -> Taste Buds (10K) -> Taste cells (500K) -replaced every 10 years
Which 3 cells compose the taste buds?
It’s a structure imbedded in the epithelial layer of the tongue.
- Supporting cells
- Basal cells
- Taste cells
Neuronal pathway for taste
- Axons of sensory neurons, which synapse with taste receptors, pass through cranial nerves Facial nerve (VII), Glossopharyngeal (IX) and Vagus (X) and through the ganglion of each nerve
- The axons enter the brainstem and synapse in the nucleus of the tractus solitarius.
- Axons from the nucleus of the tractus solitarius synapse in the thalamus.
- Axons from the thalamus terminate in the taste area of the cortex
Lacrimal apparatus
- Tears are produced in the lacrimal gland and exit the gland through several lacrimal ducts.
- The tears pass over the surface of the eye.
- Tears enter the lacrimal canaliculi
- Tears are carried through the nasolacrimal duct
- Tears enter the nasal cavity from the nasolacrimal duct
What are the 3 tunics of the eye?
Name each part of eye.
- Fibrous: Sclera and cornea
- Vascular: Choroid, Ciliary body, Iris
- Nervous: Retina
What are the 5 steps of the oderant binding to membrane of olfactory hair
1) the plasma membrane of an olfactory hair, unstimulated. Gated ion ch is closed
2) Oderant binds to a specific oderant receptor
3) G-Protien is activated. Alpha, beta, y dissociate. Alpha binds and activates adenylate cyclase.
4) Adenylate cyclase catalyzes the conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP
5) AMP opens ion channels: Na & Ca
6) Ions entering the olfactory hair cause depolarization of the neuron.
What is anosmia?
What are the causes?
Anosmia is the inability to identify common odors.
Causes: Congenital (from birth), sinus infection, head injury & disease
Autonomic motor nerves innervate…
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Glands
Somatic motor neurons innervate…
Skeletal muscle
Name the 3 catecholamine hormones in the sympathetic division produced by the adrenal glands
- Dopamine
- Norepinephrine
- Epinephrine
What are the 3 adrenergic receptors
Alpha or beta 1,2
Smooth muscle contraction. Alpha
Cardiac stimulation (heart). Beta 1
Smooth muscle relaxation (lungs). Beta 2
Refraction
Bending of light as it changes mediums
Pathway of light- name structure a ray of light would take
Cornea - aqueous humor - papillae - iris - aqueous humor - retina
myopia
Too powerful- too much refraction (bending of light)
eyeball too long
can read but not distance
nearsidedness
hyperopia
- Too weak - too flat
- farsidedness
- short eyeball
presbyopic
- eye wont become round again
- not enough convergence
Glossopharyngeal IX
Taste
What happens to the tastant after it dissolves?
Enter taste pores and cause it to depolarize
Neurotransmitters are released from the taste cells
Action potential is stimulated
taste bud vs taste cell vs papillae
Papillae: sections of the tongue
Taste buds: sensory structures that detect taste.
Taste cells: a taste bud contains many taste cells
Name the 3 olfactory epithelium cells
Olfactory cell
supporting cell
basal cell
taste areas of the brain and their function
VII facial nerve: taste, facial expression, tears, saliva
IX Glossopharyngeal: Taste, senses carotid blood pressure
X Vagus: taste, senses aoritic blood pressure, slows heart rate,stimulates digestive organs
Describe the pathway taste reaches before the primary taste cortex
- Axons of sensory nuerons which synapse with taste receptors, pass through cranial nerves 7, 9, 10 and through te ganlion of each nerve.
- Axons enter the brainstem and synapse in the nucleus of the tractus solitarius.
- thalamus
- taste area of the cortex
Optic disc
white spot where veins go in and out
Lens
helps refract light to be focused on the retina. when the lens changes shape focuses on objects at various distances
Fovea Centralis
allows for acute vision, contains only cone cells
Posterior Chamber
area in back of the lens to the retina. contains jelly-like vitreous humor
anterior chamber
area between the cornea and the lens. contains watery aqueous humor. maintains intraocular pressure.
What happnes to a rod when it is exposed to light?
gated Na+ channels are open.
exposure to light stimulates the rod cell. Rhodopsin is activated.
rod cell hyper-polarizes
Na+ channel closes
light and dark adaptation
light causes change from cis- trans
rhodospin activates a G protein activating phosphodiesterase.
cgmp- gmp
Na+ channels close
trans retinal detaches from opsin.
trans converted to cis and attaches to opsin = dark again
Direction of light
Ganglion cell bipolar cell horizontal cell rod and cone cell pigment cell
Direction of action potential propagation in eye
pigment cell cone and rod cell horizontal cell bipolar cell ganglion cell
name layers in eye for direction of light
neural layer
pigmented layer
choroid
describe direction of images from image to brain
peripheral (farthest left of left and right of right eye) change sides of brain.
pinkeye
inflammation of the conjunctiva.
chalazion
a lump of the eyelid caused by obstruction or inflammation of an oil gland
-palpebral gland
stye
infection of the eyelash hair follicle
Sphincter pupillae
closer ring muscle that constricts the pupil
dilator pupillae
outer muscle that opens eye
refraction of light
images are upside down
refraction of lens on myopia and hyperopia
myopia: long eyeball, image crosses too early. nearsidedness
- concave lens
Hyperopia: short eyeball, image crosses too late farsidedness.
- Convex
tip link
stereocilla are bent toaward the taller and the tip link stretches.
opens the K+ gate and K+ enter the cell
basilar membrane and low pitch sounds
longer waves cause displacement of the basilar membrane some distance from the oval window.
sound wave interaction with the ear
sound waves strike the Tympanic Membrane
- malleus, icus, stapes
- oval window
- perilymph in the scala bestibuli
- bestibular membrane
- vibrations in the basilar membrane
gravity and position of head
the endolymph does not moves at the same rate as the semicircular canals. this displaces the cupula opposite the head is moving. the fluid of the semicircular canals catches up and movement stops until direction moves again.
semicircular canals do what?
enable a person to detect movement in all directions
ampulae and cupula
ampulae are enlarged portions of the semicircular canal. the cupula are the gelantanious mass surrounding the stereocilla
cholinergic receptors
Nicotinic receptors
*ligand gated channels
Muscarinic recetors
*g-protein
adrenergic receptors
g-Protein
sympathetic second synapse
skeletal effector
only one synapse
sympathetic stimulation on the intrinsic muscles of the eye
contraction of radial muscle and dialation of pupil.
ach
activator
agonist
a substance that fully activates
Antagonist
a drug that blocks the binding of agonist
Cholinergic
nerve cells in which acetylcholine acts as a neurotransmitter.
chlinergic drug uses
constricting pupil and contracting ciliary bodies of the eyes
lower heart rate
easier to urinate
Parasympathetic
rest and digest.
sympathetic
fight or flight.
Pupils enlarge,
sweat
Donepezil
Alzheimer’s
bethanechol
helps to cause urination
atrovent
runny nose, allergies or common cold
proventil
airway obstruction
epi-pen
allergic reaction
atenolol
chest pain
high blood pressure
tenormin
hypertension
angina
zemuron
muscle relaxant
anaesthesia
cardura
enlarged prostate and high blood pressure
symptoms of cholinergic overdose
salavation urination confusion defecation diarrhea
beta blockers
block stress hormones
protect the heart from a heart attack
anticholinergic overdose
flushing dry skin mydriasis fever urinary retention
adrenergics
sympathetic nerves
