ch 14 - Sheet1 Flashcards
- What is ossification
the process of bone replacing cartilage before birth
- What is osteon
a structural unit of compact bone consisting of concentric bone layers of minerals and bone cells surrounding a hollow passageway for blood and nerves
- What is osteoporosis
loss of calcium and bone density that can result in an increased risk of fractures
- What is perimortem
occurring shortly before death
- What is post mortem
occurring after death
- What is prognathism
the projection of the upper or lower jaw beyond the face
- What is skeletal trauma analysis
the investigation of bones and the marks on them to uncover potential causes of death
- What is superimposition
uses an image of the skull over a photograph to determine if the skull and image are consistent
- What is suture marks
fibrous joints connecting the bones of the skull
- What is tendons
connective tissue joining a muscle to a bone
- What is forensic anthropology
the use of skeletal anatomy to determine remains and provide info about a victim
- Forensic anthropologists provide this information
biological profile, estimated age, sex, stature, ethnicity, and any trauma or disease
- There are continued improvements in these areas
radiographic techniques, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, and digital facial reconstruction
- What do bones provide for us
determine our unique physical characteristics, protect vital organs, store and regulate calcium, serve as anchor sites for our muscles, support our bodies
- What are joints
the location where bones meet
- What do tendons connect
muscles to bones
- What do ligaments connect:
two or more bones
- What is purpose of cartilage
to prevent bones from rubbing against each other and reduce friction
- What is difference between human and non human bones
difference in bone structure and composition and vary in density as well as internal structure
- Where is yellow marrow found
at the center of a bone
- Where is red marrow found
at ends of a long bone
- How many bones does a baby have approximately
300
- How many bones does a adult human have
206
- When do most bones attain full growth for males
19-20 yrs old. For females 16-17
- What is the condition of osteoporosis
a condition where bones have lost too much calcium due to loss of bone density, can give a person a hunchback appearance
- How do you determine isotope ratio in bones
what you eat and where you eat is documented in your bones. They test bones for different isotopes of carbon and strontium to show where a person lived
- What is the difference between male and female skeletons
adult females tend to be more slender. Males look more thicker and robust. Male skull is also more robust than female skull
- What muscle do males have that females don’t on the back
occipital protuberance
- What is different about both pelvis
female pelvis have engraved scars if she has borne children. During pregnancy the pelvis bone softens and allows for some separation. Pelvis of female is more wider
- To distinguish between male and female pelvis, compare these
subpubic angle, sacrum length width and angle, body width of pelvis, and sciatic notch angle
- How to determine age of death by examining bones
examine degree of ossification and wear and tear on the bones. Dental remains. The growth of bones and how many more remain to grow and combine or not. Presence or absence of growth plates(epiphyseal plates)
- When do humerus cap bones fuse
36987
- When do humerus cap bones fuse to shaft
18-20
- When do femur
4
- When do lesser trochanter first appears
13-14
- When do femur head fused to shaft
16-18
- When do clavicle and sternum close
22-30
- When do pubic bone and ischium almost completely united
37080
- When do all segments of sacrum unite
25-30
- What does tooth development indicate
children’s age as tooth erupts most at that time
- When do baby teeth begin falling
around 5-6
- When do first and second and third molars come in
first, 7. Second, 12. Third, 17+.
- What do suture marks determine and what are they
cartilage on the head. As bones mature the open suture marks fuse and ossify estimating age based on examining the many suture segments to see the degree to which they are open
- You can determine age by these two bones
pubic and sternum bone
- What are European bone structure like
shape of eyes is rounded, nasal spine is prominent, nasal index is less than 0.48, prognathism is flat, nasal opening is teardrop
- What are african bone structure like
shape of eyes are rectangular, nasal spine is very small, nasal index is less than 0.53, prognathism is prognathic, nasal opening is round
- What are Asian bone structures like
shape of eyes are rounded somewhat circular, nasal spine is somewhat prominent spine, nasal index is between 0.48-0.53, prognathism is variable, nasal opening is oval.
- What is the nasal index
the ration of the width of the nasal opening to the height of the opening
- What are the results of anemia in the skeleton
holes in the eye sockets and skull
- What are results of lack of vitamin D in the skeleton
bowing of legs, thinning of skull, and deformed spine
- What is standard procedure in examining skeletal remains
determining if human or not, how many individuals were represented, how long ago did death occur, what was persons age, what was their sex, what was their ancestry, was the persons height, any old injuries or diseases, what is cause of death, what is manner of death
- What DNA can be extracted from bones
nuclear DNA
- What happens in skeletal trauma analysis
damage to bones can happen perimortem and postmortem. Postmortem will lack healing
- What does a broken hyoid bone indicate
strangling
- What does small broken bones in the hand indicate
defensive wounds
- What do gunshot wound punctures look like
smaller entrance but larger beveled exit wound
- Difference between human and animal bone in cortex index
human cortex have ¼ of diameter of the bone. In animals the cortex is ⅓ of the diameter of bone
