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p11c > ch 14: OCD, MDD, biploar, suicide > Flashcards

ch 14: OCD, MDD, biploar, suicide Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of panic attacks?

A

expected & unexpected

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2
Q

What is agoraphobia? What is usually co-occurring with agoraphobia?

A

Agoraphobia: fear of being in places in which it would be difficult to escape/get help in the event of unpleasant physical symptoms

PANIC and agoraphobia usually occur together

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3
Q

What contributes to the development of anxiety disorders?

A
  • Biased thinking
  • Neutral stimuli perceived as threatening
  • Focus excessive energy on threatening stimuli
  • Fears may be learned and then generalize
  • Biological factors → kids w inhibited temperamental (shy, doesn’t like to interact) style → more likely to develop anxiety disorders
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4
Q

What is the difference between obsessions and compulsions?

A

Obsessions: recurrent intrusive, unwanted, nonsensical thoughts, images, urges

Compulsions: particular acts that people with OCD feel driven to perform over and over again to reduce anxiety

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5
Q

What are the four components of the OCD cycle and in what order do they appear?

A

1: anxiety (ex: forced to shake hands)

#2: compulsion (ex: run to bathroom)
#3: relief: (wash hands)
#4: obsession: fear of contamination

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6
Q

What percentage of the population is diagnosed with OCD?

A

1-2%

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7
Q

What are some common obsessions and compulsions associated with OCD?

A

Common obsessions: fear of contamination, accidents, one’s own aggression

Common compulsions: cleaning, checking, counting
- Ex: continually checking to make sure door is locked

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8
Q

What are the causes for OCD?

A

Classical conditioning: anxiety tied to specific event
Operant conditioning: engages in behavior to reduce anxiety, gets reinforced
Learning that some thoughts are dangerous/unacceptable
Partially genetic: runs in families
related genes appear to control glutamate excitatory neurotransmitter, causing neural firing
Environmental: streptococcal infection causes severe OCD in some children – damage to caudate

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9
Q

What is hoarding disorder characterized by?

A

Characterized by excessively collecting or keeping items regardless of their value and difficulty discarding items, usually due to a fear that one will need them later
Causes clinically significant distress or impairment (e.g. house too cluttered to live in, arguments with family members)

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10
Q

What psychological disorders are included in trauma and stressor related disorders?

A

Include PTSD and acute stress disorder, adjustment disorders & attachment disorders

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11
Q

What is PTSD? What are the most common traumas?

A

Trauma exposure and response
- Reexperiencing (memories, nightmares)
- Avoidance
- Emotional numbing
- Interferes w one’s ability to function

Most common: combat and sexual assault

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12
Q

What percentage of people experience PTSD in their lives?

A

Approx 7% of ppl, more common in women

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13
Q

What are the causes of PTSD?

A

Intensity of the trauma and one’s reaction to it (i.e., true alarm, fear for one’s safety)

Learning – direct conditioning and observational learning

Biological vulnerability
genetic markers related to serotonin production memories related to activation in amygdala

Uncontrollability and unpredictability
Social support post-trauma reduces risk

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14
Q

What are depressive disorders?

A

Presence of sad, empty, or irritable mood
Bodily symptoms & cognitive problems

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15
Q

What psychological disorders are included in depressive disorders? Which ones are new to the DSM-5?

A

Included: Major depressive disorder, Persistent depressive disorder

New: Premenstrual dysphoric disorder, Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

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16
Q

What characterizes a major depressive episode?

A

One or more major depressive episodes separated by periods of remission

sad, empty, irritable mood

to be diagnosed: must have MDD everyday for at least 2 weeks

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17
Q

What percentage of Americans have major depressive disorder at any given times? What is the lifetime prevalence?

A

7-8% of americans at ANY GIVEN time
16% lifetime prevalence

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18
Q

What is the leading risk factor for suicide?

A

Major depressive disorder

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19
Q

What are the criteria for persistent depressive disorder (PDD)?

A

PDD: mild to moderate severity, symptoms are less intense than MDD

At least TWO years of depressive symptoms
Depressed mood most of the day on more than 50% of days
No more than two months symptom free
periods of depressed mood last 2-20 years

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20
Q

What role does culture have in depressive disorders?

A

Stigma is especially strong in developing countries → Barriers to treatment

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21
Q

What role does gender have in depressive disorders?

A

Twice as many women suffer from depression
May be related to overwork and lack of support

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22
Q

What are the biological causes of depressive disorders?

A

Genetic component
- identical twins 2 – 3x higher than rates forfraternal twins

May involved 1 or more monoamines (neurotransmitters that regulate emotion and arousal and motivate behavior)

23
Q

What are the situational causes of depressive disorders?

A

Life stressors → interpersonal loss (loss of loved one or divorce)

how one reacts to stress = influenced by Interpersonal relationships

social relationships can protect from depression; quality over quantity

24
Q

How do cognitive processes play a role in depressive disorders? explain cognitive triad.

A

ppl w depression view themselves, their future, and world negatively

COGNITIVE TRIAD:
Negative views about the world
Negative views about the future
Negative views about one’s self

25
Q

What are the logical errors?

A

Cognitive biases
Overgeneralization
Black and white thinking
Responsibility for bad events
Global, stable attributions

26
Q

Explain the methodology and results of Seligman’s study on learned helplessness.

A

people come to see themselves as unable to have any effect on events in their lives.

Seligman’s study: when animals are placed in aversive situations that they can’t escape → animals become passive/unresponsive
- End up lacking motivation to try new methods of escape when given opportunity

Ppl who experience learned helplessness → come to expect bad things will happen to them, believe they are powerless to avoid negative events

27
Q

Define mania and describe its manifestations.

A

Elevated mood that feels like being “on top of the world”

Inflated self-esteem, decreased need for sleep, excessive talkativeness, racing thoughts, distractibility, increase in goal-directed activity or psychomotor agitation, excessive involvement in high-risk behaviors

28
Q

What is the difference between Bipolar I disorder and Bipolar II disorder?

A

Bipolar 1: usually alternates between full manic episodes and major depressive episodes
- Avg age of onset: 15-18 years
- Tends to be chronic

Bipolar 2: alternates between hypomanic episodes and major depressive episodes
- Avg age of onset: 19-22 years
- Tends to be chronic

29
Q

What is the difference between hypomania and mania?

A

HYPOMANIA: shorter, less severe version of manic episodes
Last at least 4 days
fewer/milder symptoms
Associated w LESS impairment than manic episode

30
Q

What percentage of Bipolar II disorder cases are chronic? Life prevalance? Any differences by gender?

A

10-25% are chronic

Overall prevalence: 3-4%

EQUALLY prevalent among gender

31
Q

What are the concordance rates associated with bipolar disorders?

A

For identical twins: 70%
For fraternal twins: 20%

32
Q

What age group has the highest number of suicides?

A

Ages 85 AND OLDER → highest rate of suicide

33
Q

almost all suicides take place w little to no warning T/F?

A

FALSE

34
Q

women account for nearly 78% of suicide deaths T/F?

A

FALSE

35
Q

Giving away valued possessions is a clue that a person may be considering suicide. T/F?

A

TRUE

36
Q

Someone who is recovering from severe depression and suddenly develops a positive outlook on life rarely commits suicide T/F?

A

FALSE

37
Q

Talking to someone abt suicide increases their risk of suicide T/F?

A

false

38
Q

What are the trends of suicide by race/ethnicity?

A

American indian/alaska native and then white→ highest

black/african american, hispanic, asian → lowest

39
Q

What are the current rates of suicide as proposed by the CDC?

A

Suicide rates are growing → particularly among WOMEN

More than 1,000,000 ppl in US attempted suicide in the last year

Nearly 3,000,000 ppl in US made a plan abt how they would attempt suicide

40
Q

What risk factors are associated with suicide?

A
  • Family history of suicide
  • Previous suicide attempts
  • History of mental health disorders (particularly clinical depression)
  • History of alcohol and substance abuse
  • Feelings of hopelessness
    impulsive/aggressive tendencies
  • Cultural and religious beliefs
    Isolation, feeling of being cut off from other ppl
  • Barriers to accessing mental health treatment
  • Loss (work, financial, social, relational)
  • Physical illness
  • Easy access to lethal methods → highest risk factor (like gun)
  • Unwillingness to seek help because of stigma attached
41
Q

What are the gender differences regarding suicide? What are the reasons behind these differences?

A

Women have higher attempt rate (three times of men)
Men have a higher completion rate (three times of women)

Why?
Men use more violent methods (shooting) than women (Poisoning)
Guns are used in nearly 66% of male suicides in the US compared to 40% of female suicides

42
Q

What triggers a suicide?

A

Recent events/current conditions in a person’s life, may not be the basic motivation for the suicide → can precipitate it (ex: losing ur keys → losing it bc of that small thing)

Common triggers → stressful events, mood/thought changes, alcohol/drug use

43
Q

At what age does suicidal actions become more common?

A

after age of 14

44
Q

What are the rates of suicide for adolescents in the U.S. each year?

A

About 1,500 teens commit suicide in the US each year

At least 1 in 12 makes a suicide attempt

Far more teens attempt suicide than succeed

45
Q

What are the rates of suicidal ideation? (forming the idea of suicide)

A

Among students in grades: 22.4% of females and 11.6% of males seriously considered attempting suicide in last year

46
Q

What are the differences in adolescent suicide by ethnicity?

A

Teen suicide rates vary by ethnicity in the U.S.
- Native American / Alaskan Native youths have highest rate of suicide-related fatality
- Hispanic youth have higher rates of attempt than black and white, non-Hispanic youth

Youth who report involvement in bullying-related behavior are more likely to report high levels of suicide-related behavior

47
Q

What are the differences in suicide by ethnicity and culture in America?

A

In the U.S., the suicide rate of white Americans (12 per 100,000) is almost twice as high as that of African Americans, Hispanic Americans, and Asian Americans
- major exception is very high suicide rate of Native Americans, which overall is 1.5 times the national average

48
Q

What role does religious devoutness have on suicide rates?

A

Suicide rates vary from country to country, with
religious devoutness (not simply affiliation)
helping to explain some of the difference

49
Q

What roles does marital status have on suicide differences?

A
  • Divorced men’s risk of suicide was twice that of married men
  • No effect of marital status on suicide risk among women
  • Being single or widowed had no effect on suicide risk
  • Women tend to have a more diverse social support network compared to men → men tend to lean on their partner
50
Q

Based on the suicide death data from 16 National Violent Death Reporting System states in 2010, what percentage tested positive for alcohol, antidepressants, and opiates?

A

33.4% tested positive for alcohol
23.8% tested positive for antidepressants
20% tested positive for opiates, including heroin and prescription painkillers

51
Q

What are the results of research looking at the contagion of suicide?

A

Some research indicates that a person is more likely to commit suicide after hearing about someone else committing suicide

5% of adolescent suicides may be due to contagion

After Marilyn Monroe died in August 1962, 12% jump in suicide rate in U.S.

52
Q

What role might media have in the suicide contagion?

A

Sensationalizing/romanticizing suicide

Describing lethal methods of committing suicide

Describing suicide as escape for troubled person

53
Q

What are some ways to prevent suicide? What can we do?

A
  • Physician education in depression recognition
  • restricting access to lethal methods reduce suicide rates
  • education is the ultimate form of suicide prevention
  • Take suicidal threats seriously
  • Do not be afraid to ask directly. It will NOT put the thought into someone’s mind
  • Get help
  • Remind the person how much you care about them, that you care about their well-being, that you would be devastated if they were not in your life

p11c (3 decks)

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