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p11c > ch 14: intro to psychopathology & anxiety > Flashcards

ch 14: intro to psychopathology & anxiety Flashcards

1
Q

What is psychopathology?

A

sickness/illness of the mind
Field of psychopathology is study of psychological disorders

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2
Q

Define psychological dysfunction.

A

associated with distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typical or culturally expected.

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3
Q

What are the three main titles for mental health professionals? Of those, who can prescribe medication?

A

The Ph.D.: Clinical and counseling psychologist (trained in research and delivering treatment)
The Psy.D.: Clinical and counseling “Doctor of Psychology” (trained in delivering treatment)
M.D.: Psychiatrist → can prescribe med

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4
Q

In what ways was abnormal behavior associated with the supernatural?

A

In middle ages, deviant behavior thought to be battle between good and
evil
treatment = exorcism, torture, religious services

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5
Q

What treatments were commonly administered in asylums in the 1700’s?

A

treatments included beating, starvation, bloodletting, and isolation

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6
Q

Who is Hippocrates and what were his classifications of psychopathologies?

A

hipporcrates: “father of modern medicine”
classifications: mania, melancholia phrenitis

believed that these disorders resulted form relative amt of boidly fluids a person possessed (ex: having too much black bile led to extreme sadness) –> this view of psychopathology has endured

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7
Q

In what ways was abnormal behavior associated with biology?

A

they linked abnormality w brain chemical imbalances

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8
Q

What are some of the early biological treatments for psychopathologies?

A

electric shock, crude surgery, insulin, major/minor tranquilizers

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9
Q

What were the consequences of biological traditions?

A

Psychological disorders were thought to be caused by
undiscovered brain pathology, and were incurable
- this led to increased hospitaliztion
- focus on diagnosis and study of brain pathology

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10
Q

What are the four criteria one should consider when determining the psychopathology of a behavior?

A

deviance, distress, dysfunction, anger

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11
Q

Who is Philippe Pinel and what contribution did he have on the treatment of patients?

A

head physician at hospital in paris
moral treatment started w him in 1793.
treat patients as normally as possible in normal environment
- more humane treatment, encouraged social interaction

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12
Q

Name two other leaders in moral treatment and their contribution.

A

Benjamin Rush (founder of U.S. psychiatry) – led reforms in U.S.
Dorothea Dix – mental hygiene movement (advocated for better treatment for ppl w pysychopathology)

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13
Q

Psychologists investigate ____ in order to understand any disorder

A

ETIOLOGY.
factors that contribute to its development
ex: they investigate commonalities among people such as Britney Spears and Demi Lovato to identify factors that might explain why they (and others) developed bipolar disorders.

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14
Q

What are the rates of psychopathology?

A

1/4 over 18 have diagnosable disorder in a year
1/5 Americans get treatment each year
Nearly 1/2 of Americans will have psych disorder at some point in their

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15
Q

Who is Emil Kraeplin and how did he separate disorders?

A

kraeplin: psychiatrist
Separated disorders by symptoms

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16
Q

What version of the DSM (The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual) are we currently using? How does this version describe disorders?

A

currently using DSM 5
- disorders are described in terms of measurable symptoms

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17
Q

What issue does the categorical approach present? What has been proposed to address this issue?

A

implies that a person either has a psychological disorder or not –>doesn’t capture differences in severity of dsorder

alternative: DIMENSIONAL APPROACH: considers psychological disorders along a continuum on which people vary in degree rather than in kind

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18
Q

What did Capsi et al. (2004) find about comorbidity?

A

comorbidity: when 2 or more diseases are present
Caspi et al. (2004) found one underlying factor, called p,
was involved in all types of psychological disorders

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19
Q

What is the NIMH’s Research Domain Criteria?

A

method defines basic domains of functioning (such as attention, social communication, anxiety) and considers them across multiple levels of analysis, from genes to brain systems to behavior
ex: researchers may study attention problems for ppl w anxiety disorders/depression

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20
Q

What is an assessment in psychology?

A

Examining a person’s mental functions and psychological condition to diagnose a psychological disorder
- Self-reports, observations, interviews, neuropsychological

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21
Q

What is an evidence-based assessment?

A

research guides the evaluation of psychopathology, the selection of appropriate psychological tests and neuropsychological methods, and the use of critical thinking in making a diagnosis

22
Q

what is the dimensional approach to understanding psychological disorders?

A

views psychological disorders as existing along a continuum on which ppl vary

23
Q

What are the purpose and goals of neuropsychological testing?

A
  • Assess broad range of skills and abilities
  • Goal is to understand brain-behavior relations
24
Q

What does the Halstead-Reitan Battery test?

A
  • a test Designed to assess for brain damage
  • Test diverse skills ranging from grip strength to sound recognition, attention, concentration
25
Q

What model proposes that a disorder may develop when an underlying vulnerability is coupled with a precipitating event?
(draw model)

A

DIATHETSIS-STRESS MODEL.
diathesis: (vulnerability to mental disorder)
^ can be biological (genetic predispostion to specific disorder) or environmental (childhood adversity)

  • Addition of stressful event can tip scales (stress)
26
Q

What are the biological factors of psychopathology?

A
  • genetic factors can affect production of neurotransmitters and receptor sites
  • can affect size of brain structures and connectivity
  • Malnutrition, environmental toxins
27
Q

What are the situational factors of psychopathology?

A

Family-systems approach: individual’s behavior must be
considered within the social context, particularly family

Sociocultural model: pathology is result of interaction
between individuals and culture
^ex: schizophrenia, appear to be more common among those lower in socioeconomic status

28
Q

What are the cognitive behavioral factors?

A

Thoughts, beliefs, and behavior are learned the same way
other behaviors are learned and can be unlearned
ex: if a child is playing with a fluffy white rat and is frightened by a loud noise, the white rat alone can later cause fear in the child.

29
Q

What are the differences by sex in psychological disorders

A

anorexia nervosa: more common in F
substance use disorders: M
biploar: roughly same
PTSD: F
depression: F
OCD: F
schizo: roughly same

30
Q

What disorders are included in internalizing disorders and what disorders are included in externalizing disorders?

A

internalizing: characterized by negative emotions, split between distress and fear
- distress: depression, anxiety disorder
- fear: agoraphobia, social phobia, panic disorder, specific phobia

externalizing:characterized by impuslive/out-of-control behavior
- alcoholism, conduct disorders, antisocial personality disorder

31
Q

What is a cultural syndrome? Which version of the DSM includes cultural syndromes?

A

clusters of symptoms and attributions that tend to co-occur among individuals in specific cultural groups, communities, or context
As is the case with personality traits, cultural expectations likely have a stronger influence on the expression of some disorders than others.
^ex: depression is a major mental health problem around the world, but the ways that depression manifests can vary by culture.
- DSM-5 includes cultural syndromes

32
Q

What percentage of female and what percentage of male college students reported impairment in functioning due to depressed feelings in the last 12 months?

A

39% of F
27.8% of M

33
Q

What percentage of college students felt overwhelming anxiety in the last 12 months?

A

1/2 of students

34
Q

In college, the prevalence of depression is ____ higher than the national average.

A

30.6%

35
Q

What symptoms are associated with anxiety disorders

A
  • Excessive fear and anxiety in absence of true danger
  • Physiological symptoms: sweating, dry mouth, difficulty, sleeping, increased muscle tension, high blood pressure, etc.
36
Q

What is the difference between anxiety and fear?

A

ANXIETY:
- Negative effect
- Somatic symptoms of tension
- Future-oriented
- Feelings that one cannot predict or control upcoming events

FEAR:
- Negative effect
- Strong sympathetic nervous system arousal
- Immediate alarm reaction characterized by strong escapist tendencies in response to present dangers or life threatening emergencies

37
Q

According to McEwen (2008), why is treating chronic anxiety so important?

A

chronic stress can produce atrophy in the hippocampus, a brain structure involved in learning and memory

38
Q

What are the current anxiety disorders?

A

Specific Phobia
Social Anxiety Disorder
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Panic Disorder
Agoraphobia

39
Q

What is a specific phobia? What percentage of the population is diagnosed with having a specific phobia?

A

Extreme irrational fear of specific object or situation
Persons will go to great lengths to avoid phobic objects
Most recognize that the fear and avoidance are unreasonable

12.5% of general population
More women than men

40
Q

What is the most common phobia?

A

snakes

41
Q

What characterizes social anxiety disorder?
What was social anxiety disorder formerly called?
When does it often develop?

A

Fear of being negatively evaluated by others
Formerly called SOCIAL PHOBIA
⅛ lifetime
7% at any given time
Earliest to develop → 13yo
More social fears is correlated w more comorbid disorders

42
Q

About __ out of __ people experience social anxiety disorder in their lifetime.

A

1 out of 8

43
Q

What other psychological disorders is social anxiety disorder commonly comorbid with?

A

Depression, OCD, autism spectrum disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, schizophrenia, social anxiety

44
Q

What is the second most common anxiety disorder? What is the first most common?

A

Second most common anxiety disorder → social anxiety disorder
First most common → specific phobia (animal, blood injection, etc)

45
Q

Why is social anxiety disorder a biological and evolutionary vulnerability?

A

Adaptive to fear rejection

46
Q

What is the difference between a specific phobia and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?

A

GAD → anxiety is diffuse and always present, constantly anxious and worry abt even small matters –> no specific threat

specific phobia –> there is specific object that is associated w fear

47
Q

What is the prevalence of GAD? Are women or men more diagnosed?
What is the median age of onset?
When does it peak?

A

Women more diagnosed
Median age of onset = 30
Peaks in middle age, declines across later years

48
Q

What are some of the symptoms of GAD?

A

Hypervigilance → constantly on alert for problems
Distractibility, fatigue, irritability, sleep problems, headaches, restlessness, light-headedness, muscle pain

49
Q

What are some of the symptoms of panic disorder?

A

Experience of unexpected panic attacks (i.e., a false
alarm)
- Develop anxiety, worry, or fear about another attack
- Many develop agoraphobia

50
Q

What are panic attacks? What are the two types of panic attacks?

A

Abrupt experience of intense fear
- Physical symptoms: heart palpitations, chest pain,
dizziness, sweating, chills or heat sensations, etc.
- Cognitive symptoms: Fear of losing control, dying, or
going crazy
types:expected and unexpected

p11c (3 decks)

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