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p11c > ch 14: intro to psychopathology & anxiety > Flashcards

ch 14: intro to psychopathology & anxiety Flashcards

1
Q

What is psychopathology?

A

sickness/illness of the mind
Field of psychopathology is study of psychological disorders

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2
Q

Define psychological dysfunction.

A

associated with distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typical or culturally expected.

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3
Q

What are the three main titles for mental health professionals? Of those, who can prescribe medication?

A

The Ph.D.: Clinical and counseling psychologist (trained in research and delivering treatment)
The Psy.D.: Clinical and counseling “Doctor of Psychology” (trained in delivering treatment)
M.D.: Psychiatrist → can prescribe med

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4
Q

In what ways was abnormal behavior associated with the supernatural?

A

In middle ages, deviant behavior thought to be battle between good and
evil
treatment = exorcism, torture, religious services

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5
Q

What treatments were commonly administered in asylums in the 1700’s?

A

treatments included beating, starvation, bloodletting, and isolation

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6
Q

Who is Hippocrates and what were his classifications of psychopathologies?

A

hipporcrates: “father of modern medicine”
classifications: mania, melancholia phrenitis

believed that these disorders resulted form relative amt of boidly fluids a person possessed (ex: having too much black bile led to extreme sadness) –> this view of psychopathology has endured

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7
Q

In what ways was abnormal behavior associated with biology?

A

they linked abnormality w brain chemical imbalances

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8
Q

What are some of the early biological treatments for psychopathologies?

A

electric shock, crude surgery, insulin, major/minor tranquilizers

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9
Q

What were the consequences of biological traditions?

A

Psychological disorders were thought to be caused by
undiscovered brain pathology, and were incurable
- this led to increased hospitaliztion
- focus on diagnosis and study of brain pathology

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10
Q

What are the four criteria one should consider when determining the psychopathology of a behavior?

A

deviance, distress, dysfunction, anger

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11
Q

Who is Philippe Pinel and what contribution did he have on the treatment of patients?

A

head physician at hospital in paris
moral treatment started w him in 1793.
treat patients as normally as possible in normal environment
- more humane treatment, encouraged social interaction

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12
Q

Name two other leaders in moral treatment and their contribution.

A

Benjamin Rush (founder of U.S. psychiatry) – led reforms in U.S.
Dorothea Dix – mental hygiene movement (advocated for better treatment for ppl w pysychopathology)

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13
Q

Psychologists investigate ____ in order to understand any disorder

A

ETIOLOGY.
factors that contribute to its development
ex: they investigate commonalities among people such as Britney Spears and Demi Lovato to identify factors that might explain why they (and others) developed bipolar disorders.

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14
Q

What are the rates of psychopathology?

A

1/4 over 18 have diagnosable disorder in a year
1/5 Americans get treatment each year
Nearly 1/2 of Americans will have psych disorder at some point in their

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15
Q

Who is Emil Kraeplin and how did he separate disorders?

A

kraeplin: psychiatrist
Separated disorders by symptoms

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16
Q

What version of the DSM (The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual) are we currently using? How does this version describe disorders?

A

currently using DSM 5
- disorders are described in terms of measurable symptoms

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17
Q

What issue does the categorical approach present? What has been proposed to address this issue?

A

implies that a person either has a psychological disorder or not –>doesn’t capture differences in severity of dsorder

alternative: DIMENSIONAL APPROACH: considers psychological disorders along a continuum on which people vary in degree rather than in kind

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18
Q

What did Capsi et al. (2004) find about comorbidity?

A

comorbidity: when 2 or more diseases are present
Caspi et al. (2004) found one underlying factor, called p,
was involved in all types of psychological disorders

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19
Q

What is the NIMH’s Research Domain Criteria?

A

method defines basic domains of functioning (such as attention, social communication, anxiety) and considers them across multiple levels of analysis, from genes to brain systems to behavior
ex: researchers may study attention problems for ppl w anxiety disorders/depression

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20
Q

What is an assessment in psychology?

A

Examining a person’s mental functions and psychological condition to diagnose a psychological disorder
- Self-reports, observations, interviews, neuropsychological

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21
Q

What is an evidence-based assessment?

A

research guides the evaluation of psychopathology, the selection of appropriate psychological tests and neuropsychological methods, and the use of critical thinking in making a diagnosis

22
Q

what is the dimensional approach to understanding psychological disorders?

A

views psychological disorders as existing along a continuum on which ppl vary

23
Q

What are the purpose and goals of neuropsychological testing?

A
  • Assess broad range of skills and abilities
  • Goal is to understand brain-behavior relations
24
Q

What does the Halstead-Reitan Battery test?

A
  • a test Designed to assess for brain damage
  • Test diverse skills ranging from grip strength to sound recognition, attention, concentration
25
What model proposes that a disorder may develop when an underlying vulnerability is coupled with a precipitating event? (draw model)
DIATHETSIS-STRESS MODEL. diathesis: (vulnerability to mental disorder) ^ can be biological (genetic predispostion to specific disorder) or environmental (childhood adversity) - Addition of stressful event can tip scales (stress)
26
What are the biological factors of psychopathology?
- genetic factors can affect production of neurotransmitters and receptor sites - can affect size of brain structures and connectivity - Malnutrition, environmental toxins
27
What are the situational factors of psychopathology?
Family-systems approach: individual’s behavior must be considered within the social context, particularly family Sociocultural model: pathology is result of interaction between individuals and culture ^ex: schizophrenia, appear to be more common among those lower in socioeconomic status
28
What are the cognitive behavioral factors?
Thoughts, beliefs, and behavior are learned the same way other behaviors are learned and can be unlearned ex: if a child is playing with a fluffy white rat and is frightened by a loud noise, the white rat alone can later cause fear in the child.
29
What are the differences by sex in psychological disorders
anorexia nervosa: more common in F substance use disorders: M biploar: roughly same PTSD: F depression: F OCD: F schizo: roughly same
30
What disorders are included in internalizing disorders and what disorders are included in externalizing disorders?
internalizing: characterized by negative emotions, split between distress and fear - distress: depression, anxiety disorder - fear: agoraphobia, social phobia, panic disorder, specific phobia externalizing:characterized by impuslive/out-of-control behavior - alcoholism, conduct disorders, antisocial personality disorder
31
What is a cultural syndrome? Which version of the DSM includes cultural syndromes?
clusters of symptoms and attributions that tend to co-occur among individuals in specific cultural groups, communities, or context As is the case with personality traits, cultural expectations likely have a stronger influence on the expression of some disorders than others. ^ex: depression is a major mental health problem around the world, but the ways that depression manifests can vary by culture. - DSM-5 includes cultural syndromes
32
What percentage of female and what percentage of male college students reported impairment in functioning due to depressed feelings in the last 12 months?
39% of F 27.8% of M
33
What percentage of college students felt overwhelming anxiety in the last 12 months?
1/2 of students
34
In college, the prevalence of depression is ____ higher than the national average.
30.6%
35
What symptoms are associated with anxiety disorders
- Excessive fear and anxiety in absence of true danger - Physiological symptoms: sweating, dry mouth, difficulty, sleeping, increased muscle tension, high blood pressure, etc.
36
What is the difference between anxiety and fear?
ANXIETY: - Negative effect - Somatic symptoms of tension - Future-oriented - Feelings that one cannot predict or control upcoming events FEAR: - Negative effect - Strong sympathetic nervous system arousal - Immediate alarm reaction characterized by strong escapist tendencies in response to present dangers or life threatening emergencies
37
According to McEwen (2008), why is treating chronic anxiety so important?
chronic stress can produce atrophy in the hippocampus, a brain structure involved in learning and memory
38
What are the current anxiety disorders?
Specific Phobia Social Anxiety Disorder Generalized Anxiety Disorder Panic Disorder Agoraphobia
39
What is a specific phobia? What percentage of the population is diagnosed with having a specific phobia?
Extreme irrational fear of specific object or situation Persons will go to great lengths to avoid phobic objects Most recognize that the fear and avoidance are unreasonable 12.5% of general population More women than men
40
What is the most common phobia?
snakes
41
What characterizes social anxiety disorder? What was social anxiety disorder formerly called? When does it often develop?
Fear of being negatively evaluated by others Formerly called SOCIAL PHOBIA ⅛ lifetime 7% at any given time Earliest to develop → 13yo More social fears is correlated w more comorbid disorders
42
About __ out of __ people experience social anxiety disorder in their lifetime.
1 out of 8
43
What other psychological disorders is social anxiety disorder commonly comorbid with?
Depression, OCD, autism spectrum disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, schizophrenia, social anxiety
44
What is the second most common anxiety disorder? What is the first most common?
Second most common anxiety disorder → social anxiety disorder First most common → specific phobia (animal, blood injection, etc)
45
Why is social anxiety disorder a biological and evolutionary vulnerability?
Adaptive to fear rejection
46
What is the difference between a specific phobia and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?
GAD → anxiety is diffuse and always present, constantly anxious and worry abt even small matters --> no specific threat specific phobia --> there is specific object that is associated w fear
47
What is the prevalence of GAD? Are women or men more diagnosed? What is the median age of onset? When does it peak?
Women more diagnosed Median age of onset = 30 Peaks in middle age, declines across later years
48
What are some of the symptoms of GAD?
Hypervigilance → constantly on alert for problems Distractibility, fatigue, irritability, sleep problems, headaches, restlessness, light-headedness, muscle pain
49
What are some of the symptoms of panic disorder?
Experience of unexpected panic attacks (i.e., a false alarm) - Develop anxiety, worry, or fear about another attack - Many develop agoraphobia
50
What are panic attacks? What are the two types of panic attacks?
Abrupt experience of intense fear - Physical symptoms: heart palpitations, chest pain, dizziness, sweating, chills or heat sensations, etc. - Cognitive symptoms: Fear of losing control, dying, or going crazy types:expected and unexpected

p11c (3 decks)

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