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Microbiology > CH 14: Infection And Epidemiology > Flashcards

CH 14: Infection And Epidemiology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is another term for normal microbiota

A

Indigenous microbiota

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2
Q

What is the major characteristic of normal microbiota

A

Colonize the boxy surfaces without normally causing disease

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3
Q

Which microbiota remain for a short time and disappear

Resident
Transient

A

Transient microbiota

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4
Q

What is a site free of any microbes and is never colonized by normal flora called

A

Axenic

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5
Q

What are a few examples of axenic sites

A 
Alveoli of lungs
CNS
Circulatory system
Uterus
Upper urogenital regions
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6
Q

When is much of one’s resistant microbiota established

A

First months of life

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7
Q

What are opportunistic pathogens

A

Normal microbiota that can cause disease under certain circumstances

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8
Q

What are 3 types of reservoirs for infection

A

Animal reservoirs
Human carriers
No living reservoirs

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9
Q

What are zoonoses

A

Disease that naturally spread from animal host to humans (animal reservoirs)

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10
Q

Humans are usually ____________ because animals do not get diseases from humans

A

Dead end hosts

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11
Q

What are a few examples of zoonoses

A 
Malaria
Bubonic plague
Lyme disease
Rabies
Yellow fever
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12
Q

___________ are infected individuals who are asymptomatic but infective to others

A

Human carriers

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13
Q

What are 2 strategies to limit the spread of disease and their definition

A

Isolation: separate ill persons

Quarantine: separate and restrict well persons who have been exposed

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14
Q

T/F: nonliving reservoirs including soil, water, and food are often contaminated by feces or urging

A

True

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15
Q

What is the definition of contamination regarding exposure to microbes

A

The mere presence of microbes in/on the body

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16
Q

What is the definition of infection regarding exposure to microbes

A

An organism evading the body’s external defenses and becomes established in the body

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17
Q

T/F: infection always progresses to a disease state in the host

A

False: Infection may or may not result in disease

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18
Q

What are the 3 major portals of entry through which pathogens enter the body

A

Skin
Mucous
Placenta

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19
Q

Regarding the skin: _________________ acts as a barrier to most pathogens

A

Outer layer of dead skin cells

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20
Q

What is the most common site of entry for pathogens

A

Respiratory tract

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21
Q

Why is the GI tract a more challenging mode of entry for pathogens

A

Must survive the acidic pH of the stomach

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22
Q

What can result from pathogens crossing the placenta and infecting the fetus

A

Spontaneous abortion
Birth defects
Premature birth

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23
Q

By which route can the portal of entry be bypassed and pathogens be directly deposited into tissues beneath skin or mucous membranes

A

Parenteral route (not a true portal of entry)

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24
Q

Define infection

A

Invasion of host by a pathogen

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25
Q

“Results if the invading pathogen alters normal body functions (AKA morbidity)

A

Disease

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26
Q

“Ability of a microorganism to cause disease”

A

Pathogenicity

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27
Q

Define virulence

A

Degree of pathogenicity (how easy it is to cause disease)

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28
Q

“The ability of a substance to stimulate the production of antibodies or cell-mediated immune response

A

Antigenicity

29
Q

Which of the following is subjective and which is objective

Symptoms

Signs

A

Symptoms: subjective (felt by patient)

Signs: objective (measured)

30
Q

Define syndrome

A

Group of symptoms and signs

31
Q

What are a few virulence factors

A

Adhesion factors (biofilms)
Extracellular enzymes
Toxins
Antiphagocytic factors

32
Q

Inability to make attachment proteins or adhesions renders microorganisms __________

A

Antivirulent

33
Q

Some bacterial pathogens attach to each other to form a ____________

A

Biofilm

34
Q

Hyaluronidase and collagenase are examples of _____________ ___________ that allow bacteria to penetrate deeper

A

Extracellular enzymes

35
Q

___________ are chemicals that harm tissues OR trigger host immune response

A

Toxins

36
Q

What are 2 types of virulence factor Toxins

A

Exotoxins

Endotoxins (Lipid A)

37
Q

What do antiphagocytic factors produce that destroy phagocytic white white blood cells

A

Leukocidins

38
Q

TQ: what are the 5 stages of infectious disease

A 
Incubation
Prodromal
Illness
Decline
Convalescence
39
Q

What stage of infectious is between infection and first symptoms/signs

A

Incubation period

40
Q

What does the prodromal period of infectious disease consist of

A

Short period of generalized, mild symptoms

41
Q

What is the most severe stage of infectious disease where signs/symptoms are most evident

A

Illness

42
Q

What stage of infectious disease does the immune response vanquish pathogens

A

Decline

43
Q

What is the convalescence stage of infectious disease

A

Patient recovers from illness, tissues return to normal

44
Q

How do pathogens leave the host (portals of exit)

A

Bodily secretions
Blood
Reproductive organs
Bodily waste

45
Q

What are 4 modes of transmission

A

Contact transmission
Vehicle transmission
Vector transmission
Perinatal

46
Q

What type of transmission is “direct, indirect, or droplet”

A

Contact transmission

47
Q 
Airborne
Waterborne
Foodborne
Fecal
Bodily fluids

…are examples of ____________ transmission

A

Vehicle transmission

48
Q

What are examples of vector transmission

A

Arachnid
Insert
Biological or mechanical

49
Q

Define perinatal transmission

A

Mom to baby

50
Q

_______________ is from a reservoir or a portal of exit to another host’s portal of entry

A

Transmission

51
Q

What are anthropoid vectors

A

Animals that carry pathogens

52
Q

How do mechanical vectors operate

A

They only carry the pathogen

53
Q

How do biological vectors operate

A

They serve as a host for the pathogen

54
Q

Ticks and mites are examples of _________

A

Arachnids

55
Q

Fleas, lice, flies, mosquitoes, true bugs are examples of ________

A

Insects

56
Q

What are the most important arachnid vectors

A

Ticks

57
Q

What are the most important insect vectors

A

Mosquitoes

58
Q

What are the most important and common of ALL vectors

A

Mosquitoes

59
Q

Define incidence and prevalence

A

Incidence: number of new cases

Prevalence: number of Total cases

60
Q

Define endemic disease

A

Disease that normally occurs at regular intervals with stability

61
Q

Define sporadic disease

A

Only a few scattered cases

62
Q

Define epidemic of disease

A

Greater frequency than usual

63
Q

Define pandemic of disease

A

Epidemic that is simultaneously on more than one continent

64
Q

What is the index case of epidemiology

A

The first case of the disease

65
Q

What are nosocomial infections

A

Infections acquired in health-care settings

66
Q

What are exogenous infections in healthcare epidemiology

A

Pathogen is acquired from the HC environment

67
Q

What are endogenous infections in healthcare epidemiology

A

Pathogen arises from normal microbiota due to HC setting factors

68
Q

What does latrogenic infection result from in healthcare epidemiology

A

Results from modern medical procedures

69
Q

TQ: what is the most effective way to reduce nosocomial infections

A

Hand washing

Microbiology (6 decks)

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