CH 14: Infection And Epidemiology

Question 1

What is another term for normal microbiota

Answer 1

Indigenous microbiota

Question 2

What is the major characteristic of normal microbiota

Answer 2

Colonize the boxy surfaces without normally causing disease

Question 3

Which microbiota remain for a short time and disappear

Resident
Transient

Answer 3

Transient microbiota

Question 4

What is a site free of any microbes and is never colonized by normal flora called

Answer 4

Axenic

Question 5

What are a few examples of axenic sites

Answer 5

Alveoli of lungs
CNS
Circulatory system
Uterus
Upper urogenital regions

Question 6

When is much of one’s resistant microbiota established

Answer 6

First months of life

Question 7

What are opportunistic pathogens

Answer 7

Normal microbiota that can cause disease under certain circumstances

Question 8

What are 3 types of reservoirs for infection

Answer 8

Animal reservoirs
Human carriers
No living reservoirs

Question 9

What are zoonoses

Answer 9

Disease that naturally spread from animal host to humans (animal reservoirs)

Question 10

Humans are usually ____________ because animals do not get diseases from humans

Answer 10

Dead end hosts

Question 11

What are a few examples of zoonoses

Answer 11

Malaria
Bubonic plague
Lyme disease
Rabies
Yellow fever

Question 12

___________ are infected individuals who are asymptomatic but infective to others

Answer 12

Human carriers

Question 13

What are 2 strategies to limit the spread of disease and their definition

Answer 13

Isolation: separate ill persons

Quarantine: separate and restrict well persons who have been exposed

Question 14

T/F: nonliving reservoirs including soil, water, and food are often contaminated by feces or urging

Answer 14

True

Question 15

What is the definition of contamination regarding exposure to microbes

Answer 15

The mere presence of microbes in/on the body

Question 16

What is the definition of infection regarding exposure to microbes

Answer 16

An organism evading the body’s external defenses and becomes established in the body

Question 17

T/F: infection always progresses to a disease state in the host

Answer 17

False: Infection may or may not result in disease

Question 18

What are the 3 major portals of entry through which pathogens enter the body

Answer 18

Skin
Mucous
Placenta

Question 19

Regarding the skin: _________________ acts as a barrier to most pathogens

Answer 19

Outer layer of dead skin cells

Question 20

What is the most common site of entry for pathogens

Answer 20

Respiratory tract

Question 21

Why is the GI tract a more challenging mode of entry for pathogens

Answer 21

Must survive the acidic pH of the stomach

Question 22

What can result from pathogens crossing the placenta and infecting the fetus

Answer 22

Spontaneous abortion
Birth defects
Premature birth

Question 23

By which route can the portal of entry be bypassed and pathogens be directly deposited into tissues beneath skin or mucous membranes

Answer 23

Parenteral route (not a true portal of entry)

Question 24

Define infection

Answer 24

Invasion of host by a pathogen

Question 25

"Results if the invading pathogen alters normal body functions (AKA morbidity)

Answer 25

Disease

Question 26

"Ability of a microorganism to cause disease"

Answer 26

Pathogenicity

Question 27

Define virulence

Answer 27

Degree of pathogenicity (how easy it is to cause disease)

Question 28

"The ability of a substance to stimulate the production of antibodies or cell-mediated immune response

Answer 28

Antigenicity

Question 29

Which of the following is subjective and which is objective Symptoms Signs

Answer 29

Symptoms: subjective (felt by patient) Signs: objective (measured)

Question 30

Define syndrome

Answer 30

Group of symptoms and signs

Question 31

What are a few virulence factors

Answer 31

Adhesion factors (biofilms) Extracellular enzymes Toxins Antiphagocytic factors

Question 32

Inability to make attachment proteins or adhesions renders microorganisms __________

Answer 32

Antivirulent

Question 33

Some bacterial pathogens attach to each other to form a ____________

Answer 33

Biofilm

Question 34

Hyaluronidase and collagenase are examples of _____________ ___________ that allow bacteria to penetrate deeper

Answer 34

Extracellular enzymes

Question 35

___________ are chemicals that harm tissues OR trigger host immune response

Answer 35

Toxins

Question 36

What are 2 types of virulence factor Toxins

Answer 36

Exotoxins Endotoxins (Lipid A)

Question 37

What do antiphagocytic factors produce that destroy phagocytic white white blood cells

Answer 37

Leukocidins

Question 38

TQ: what are the 5 stages of infectious disease

Answer 38

``` Incubation Prodromal Illness Decline Convalescence ```

Question 39

What stage of infectious is between infection and first symptoms/signs

Answer 39

Incubation period

Question 40

What does the prodromal period of infectious disease consist of

Answer 40

Short period of generalized, mild symptoms

Question 41

What is the most severe stage of infectious disease where signs/symptoms are most evident

Answer 41

Illness

Question 42

What stage of infectious disease does the immune response vanquish pathogens

Answer 42

Decline

Question 43

What is the convalescence stage of infectious disease

Answer 43

Patient recovers from illness, tissues return to normal

Question 44

How do pathogens leave the host (portals of exit)

Answer 44

Bodily secretions Blood Reproductive organs Bodily waste

Question 45

What are 4 modes of transmission

Answer 45

Contact transmission Vehicle transmission Vector transmission Perinatal

Question 46

What type of transmission is "direct, indirect, or droplet"

Answer 46

Contact transmission

Question 47

``` Airborne Waterborne Foodborne Fecal Bodily fluids ``` ...are examples of ____________ transmission

Answer 47

Vehicle transmission

Question 48

What are examples of vector transmission

Answer 48

Arachnid Insert Biological or mechanical

Question 49

Define perinatal transmission

Answer 49

Mom to baby

Question 50

_______________ is from a reservoir or a portal of exit to another host's portal of entry

Answer 50

Transmission

Question 51

What are anthropoid vectors

Answer 51

Animals that carry pathogens

Question 52

How do mechanical vectors operate

Answer 52

They only carry the pathogen

Question 53

How do biological vectors operate

Answer 53

They serve as a host for the pathogen

Question 54

Ticks and mites are examples of _________

Answer 54

Arachnids

Question 55

Fleas, lice, flies, mosquitoes, true bugs are examples of ________

Answer 55

Insects

Question 56

What are the most important arachnid vectors

Answer 56

Ticks

Question 57

What are the most important insect vectors

Answer 57

Mosquitoes

Question 58

What are the most important and common of ALL vectors

Answer 58

Mosquitoes

Question 59

Define incidence and prevalence

Answer 59

Incidence: number of new cases Prevalence: number of Total cases

Question 60

Define endemic disease

Answer 60

Disease that normally occurs at regular intervals with stability

Question 61

Define sporadic disease

Answer 61

Only a few scattered cases

Question 62

Define epidemic of disease

Answer 62

Greater frequency than usual

Question 63

Define pandemic of disease

Answer 63

Epidemic that is simultaneously on more than one continent

Question 64

What is the index case of epidemiology

Answer 64

The first case of the disease

Question 65

What are nosocomial infections

Answer 65

Infections acquired in health-care settings

Question 66

What are exogenous infections in healthcare epidemiology

Answer 66

Pathogen is acquired from the HC environment

Question 67

What are endogenous infections in healthcare epidemiology

Answer 67

Pathogen arises from normal microbiota due to HC setting factors

Question 68

What does latrogenic infection result from in healthcare epidemiology

Answer 68

Results from modern medical procedures

Question 69

TQ: what is the most effective way to reduce nosocomial infections

Answer 69

Hand washing