Ch 14 Flashcards
First line of defense
any barrier that blocks invasion at portal of entry
-not a true immune response
second line of defense
inflammation and phagocytosis occurs locally and systemically
third line of defense
lymphocytes (WBC) attack and create long term immunity
immunity
state of resistance to infection
outermost layer of skin
stratum corneum
-epithelial cells cemented together via keratin
desquamate
casting off of epidermal scales
lacrimation
crying
rhinitis
flow of mucus that occurs during allergies and colds
lysozyme
enzyme in tears and saliva that hydrolyzes PG
viruses more or less selective towards host
more specific…few viruses can effect different species
immunology
study of all biological, chemical, and physical events about the immune system
foreign material
can be recognized or distinguished as not being natural to the body
surveillance
scouting the tissues for foreign molecules
recognition
detecting and differentiating b/w different markers
natural markers of the body
aka self markers allow WBC to detect self
foreign markers
aka nonself markers allow WBC to detect foreign objects
marker
protruding from cells surface that act as signs
specificity
a cells unique configuration
receptors
markers may also be receptors which bind specifically with complementary molecules for communication, etc
antigen
typically a surface nonself marker that evokes an immune response
reticuloendothelial system (RES)
network around blood vessels that allows passage of immune system components within and b/w tissues
-contains many macrophages
Body compartments that participate in immune response
1) reticuloendothelial system (RES)
2) spaces surround tissues that have ECF
3) bloodstream
4) lymph system
mononuclear phagocyte system
niche for the collection of phagocytic cells
whole blood
formed elements and ground substance
formed elements
blood cells
ground substance
plasma
serum
no clotting factors
Plasma can clot and serum cannot
.
components of plasma
mainly water proteins (albumin and globulins) other immunochemicals fribinogen and other clotting factors hormones nutrients ions dissolved gases waste (urea)
hemopoiesis and where
production of blood cells
1st: yolk sac
2nd: liver and lymph organs
3rd: red bone marrow
stem cells
undifferentiated cells in the marrow that can turn into RBC, WBC, or PLT
leukocytes
WBC
two types of WBC
granulocytes and agranulocytes based upon colored granule presence under light microscope
granulocytes: lobed nuclues
agranulocytes: rounded, unlobed nucleus
types of granular leukocytes
neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
Neutrophils
leukocyte, lobed nuclei, pale lavender granules
- initially have horseshoe shaped nuclei but form up to five lobes as they age
- make up 55%-90% of circulating leukocytes
- main job is phagocytosis
- lives about 8 day and only a few hours in circulation
- granules contain digestive enzymes to break down phagocytized material
polymorphonuclear nuetrophils (PMNs)
aka neutrophils
eosinphils
leukocyte, larger, orange red granules
- more numerous in bone marrow and spleen
- only 1-3% of WBC count
- granules contain peroxidase, lysozyme, etc
- function not entirely understood but help destroy larger eukaryotic parasites
- contribute to allergies
basophils
leukocytes, pale blue constricted nuclei and dark blue prominent granules
- less than 0.5% of circulating WBC
- similar to mast cells but motile
- role in allergy and inflammation
- granules release histidine, serotonin, heparin, etc
mast cells
nonmotile bound to connective tissue around blood vessels, nerves, and epithelia
agranulocytes
globular, nonlobed nuclei, no granules under light microscope
-monocytes and lymphocytes
lymphocytes
leukocyte
- second most common WBC in blood
- 20-35%
- small spherical cells
- two types: B cells and T cells
- key to third line of defense by transforming upon recognition of antigen and destroyin
B lymphocytes
Bursal equivalent cells
Mature in bone marrow
-freely move b/w blood and lymph and into organs
-important for humoral immunity
-divide into specialized plasma cells, which produce antibodies
T lymphocytes
Thymus derived cells
- mature in thymus
- freely move b/w blood and lymph and into organs
- important for cell mediated immunity
- actually destroy cell
humoral immunity
protective molecules carried in the fluids of the body
-antibodies, complement, and interferon
antibodies
large protein molecules that interlock with antigen and help destroy it
cell mediated immunity CMI
T cells help, suppress, and mediate immune functions
monocytes
largest WBC and third most common in circ. (3-7%)
- nucleus is oval or kidney shaped with pale blue cytoplasm and vacuoles that contain digestive enzymes
- are released in bloodstream where they are phagocytes for a few days, then become macrophages
- monocyte->macrophage is long lived
- macrophages essential to immune response
- important for:
1) specific and nonspecific phagocytic activities (cleaning up the mess)
2) processing foreign molecules and presenting them to lymphocytes
3) secreting biologically active compounds that help with immune response