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Microbiology 3 > Ch 14 > Flashcards

Ch 14 Flashcards

1
Q

First line of defense

A

any barrier that blocks invasion at portal of entry

-not a true immune response

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2
Q

second line of defense

A

inflammation and phagocytosis occurs locally and systemically

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3
Q

third line of defense

A

lymphocytes (WBC) attack and create long term immunity

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4
Q

immunity

A

state of resistance to infection

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5
Q

outermost layer of skin

A

stratum corneum

-epithelial cells cemented together via keratin

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6
Q

desquamate

A

casting off of epidermal scales

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7
Q

lacrimation

A

crying

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8
Q

rhinitis

A

flow of mucus that occurs during allergies and colds

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9
Q

lysozyme

A

enzyme in tears and saliva that hydrolyzes PG

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10
Q

viruses more or less selective towards host

A

more specific…few viruses can effect different species

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11
Q

immunology

A

study of all biological, chemical, and physical events about the immune system

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12
Q

foreign material

A

can be recognized or distinguished as not being natural to the body

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13
Q

surveillance

A

scouting the tissues for foreign molecules

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14
Q

recognition

A

detecting and differentiating b/w different markers

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15
Q

natural markers of the body

A

aka self markers allow WBC to detect self

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16
Q

foreign markers

A

aka nonself markers allow WBC to detect foreign objects

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17
Q

marker

A

protruding from cells surface that act as signs

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18
Q

specificity

A

a cells unique configuration

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19
Q

receptors

A

markers may also be receptors which bind specifically with complementary molecules for communication, etc

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20
Q

antigen

A

typically a surface nonself marker that evokes an immune response

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21
Q

reticuloendothelial system (RES)

A

network around blood vessels that allows passage of immune system components within and b/w tissues
-contains many macrophages

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22
Q

Body compartments that participate in immune response

A

1) reticuloendothelial system (RES)
2) spaces surround tissues that have ECF
3) bloodstream
4) lymph system

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23
Q

mononuclear phagocyte system

A

niche for the collection of phagocytic cells

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24
Q

whole blood

A

formed elements and ground substance

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25
Q

formed elements

A

blood cells

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26
Q

ground substance

A

plasma

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27
Q

serum

A

no clotting factors

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28
Q

Plasma can clot and serum cannot

A

.

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29
Q

components of plasma

A 
mainly water
proteins (albumin and globulins)
other immunochemicals
fribinogen and other clotting factors
hormones
nutrients
ions
dissolved gases
waste (urea)
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30
Q

hemopoiesis and where

A

production of blood cells

1st: yolk sac
2nd: liver and lymph organs
3rd: red bone marrow

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31
Q

stem cells

A

undifferentiated cells in the marrow that can turn into RBC, WBC, or PLT

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32
Q

leukocytes

A

WBC

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33
Q

two types of WBC

A

granulocytes and agranulocytes based upon colored granule presence under light microscope

granulocytes: lobed nuclues
agranulocytes: rounded, unlobed nucleus

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34
Q

types of granular leukocytes

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

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35
Q

Neutrophils

A

leukocyte, lobed nuclei, pale lavender granules

  • initially have horseshoe shaped nuclei but form up to five lobes as they age
  • make up 55%-90% of circulating leukocytes
  • main job is phagocytosis
  • lives about 8 day and only a few hours in circulation
  • granules contain digestive enzymes to break down phagocytized material
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36
Q

polymorphonuclear nuetrophils (PMNs)

A

aka neutrophils

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37
Q

eosinphils

A

leukocyte, larger, orange red granules

  • more numerous in bone marrow and spleen
  • only 1-3% of WBC count
  • granules contain peroxidase, lysozyme, etc
  • function not entirely understood but help destroy larger eukaryotic parasites
  • contribute to allergies
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38
Q

basophils

A

leukocytes, pale blue constricted nuclei and dark blue prominent granules

  • less than 0.5% of circulating WBC
  • similar to mast cells but motile
  • role in allergy and inflammation
  • granules release histidine, serotonin, heparin, etc
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39
Q

mast cells

A

nonmotile bound to connective tissue around blood vessels, nerves, and epithelia

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40
Q

agranulocytes

A

globular, nonlobed nuclei, no granules under light microscope
-monocytes and lymphocytes

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41
Q

lymphocytes

A

leukocyte

  • second most common WBC in blood
  • 20-35%
  • small spherical cells
  • two types: B cells and T cells
  • key to third line of defense by transforming upon recognition of antigen and destroyin
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42
Q

B lymphocytes

A

Bursal equivalent cells
Mature in bone marrow
-freely move b/w blood and lymph and into organs
-important for humoral immunity
-divide into specialized plasma cells, which produce antibodies

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43
Q

T lymphocytes

A

Thymus derived cells

  • mature in thymus
  • freely move b/w blood and lymph and into organs
  • important for cell mediated immunity
  • actually destroy cell
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44
Q

humoral immunity

A

protective molecules carried in the fluids of the body

-antibodies, complement, and interferon

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45
Q

antibodies

A

large protein molecules that interlock with antigen and help destroy it

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46
Q

cell mediated immunity CMI

A

T cells help, suppress, and mediate immune functions

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47
Q

monocytes

A

largest WBC and third most common in circ. (3-7%)

  • nucleus is oval or kidney shaped with pale blue cytoplasm and vacuoles that contain digestive enzymes
  • are released in bloodstream where they are phagocytes for a few days, then become macrophages
  • monocyte->macrophage is long lived
  • macrophages essential to immune response
  • important for:
    1) specific and nonspecific phagocytic activities (cleaning up the mess)
    2) processing foreign molecules and presenting them to lymphocytes
    3) secreting biologically active compounds that help with immune response
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48
Q

erythrocyte

A

nucleus is extruded and biconcave sac of hemoglobin. not involved in immune response but are targets of immune reactions

49
Q

thrombocyte

A

or platelet are not whole cells that originate in bone marrow when a megakaryocyte disintegrates into platelets, which contain bits of cytoplasm and nucleus

  • blue gray with red granules
  • important in hemostasis and secreting agents to help with clotting
50
Q

diapedesis

A

aka transmigration is the movement of WBC from venules into EC spaces

  • WBC are motile and change shape to squeeze through vessel
  • endothelial cells lining contains adhesive receptors that capture WBC
51
Q

chemotaxis

A

WBC migrate in response to a chemical stimulus at injury or infection

52
Q

functions of lymph system

A

1) auxiliary route for return of ECF to circ system
2) drain off system for inflammation
3) surveillance, recognition, and protection

53
Q

comp. of lymph

A

water, salts, 2-5% protein (antibodies and albumin, WBC, etc (fat, debris, infectious agents)
does not contain RBC

54
Q

movement of lymph

A

from extremities inward where it is eventually drained by thoracic and right lymph duct into main circulation near the neck

55
Q

lymphoid organs/tissues

A
  • lymph nodes
  • thymus
  • spleen
  • GALT (gut-associated lymph tissue)
  • pharynx

all of these have loose connective tissue framework that hold lymphocytes

56
Q

Medulla

A

central zone of lymph node where lymph and cells pass through

57
Q

cortex

A

surrounds the medulla and houses T and B cells

58
Q

spleen

A

similar to lymph nodes but circulates blood not lymph

  • made of “red pulp” a connective tissue network of sinuses that is rich in macrophages, neutrophils, and erythrocytes
  • also made of white pulp which lies within red pulp and is full of B and T cells
59
Q

thymus

A

originates as two lobes that fuse into a triangular structure
-very large proportionally at birth
-medulla: special epithelial cells
-cortex: undifferentiated lymphocytes and thymocytes
thymocytes become t-cells and enter circulation
-essential in development, may be removed in adulthood

60
Q

tonsils

A

ring of tissues in the pharynx that provide lymphocytes

61
Q

lymphoid tissues in GI tract

A

GALT:
appendix
lacteals
Peyer’s patches (aggregations in SI)

62
Q

rubor

A

redness caused by increased circ and vasodilation

63
Q

calor

A

warmth due to increased blood flow

64
Q

tumor

A

swelling caused by increased fluid escaping into tissues

65
Q

dolor

A

pain caused by increased stimulation of nerve endings

66
Q

function of inflammation

A

1) mobilize and attract immune components to injury
2) set in motion mech. to repair tissue and clear area of harmful substances
3) destroy microbes and prevent further invasion

67
Q

granulomas

A

aberrant tissue response to microbes and inanimate foreign bodies that create granular tissue that may last months or a lifetime

68
Q

cytokines

A

protein or polypeptide produced by WBC that regulates host defenses

69
Q

vasoactive

A

chemical mediators that affect the blood vessels

70
Q

chemotactic factors aka chemokines

A

chemical mediators that affect WBC

71
Q

vaso size after injury

A

immediately vasoconstriction but quickly turns to vasodilation to increase blood flow to that area

72
Q

exudate

A

fluid released from venules that contributes to edema

  • contains proteins, fibrinogen, blood cells, cell debris
  • many different types
73
Q

serous exudate

A

clear

74
Q

serosanguinous exudate

A

contains RBC

75
Q

purulent exudate

A

contains pus

76
Q

pus

A

whitish mass of cells, liquefied cell debris and bacteria

77
Q

pyogenic and ex

A

pus forming bacteria

strep, staph, gonococci, and meningococci

78
Q

what cells clear up large masses of the remnants of inflammation?

A

macrophages

79
Q

fever

A

abnormally elevated temp.

80
Q

FUO

A

fevers of unknown origin

81
Q

what maintains body temp?

A

hypothalamus

82
Q

pyrogen and ex

A

circulating substance that causes fever by telling hypothalamus to increase heat from muscles and retention of heat by arterioles via vaso constriction
-may be exogenous or endogenous
LPS is an exogenous pyrogen
interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor are endogenous pyrogens

83
Q

benefits of fever

A

1) inhibits temp sensitive microbes
2) hinders nutrition of bacteria by reducing amount of iron available from macrophages
3) increases metabolism and stimulates immune rxns

84
Q

temp sensitive microbes

A

poliovirus, cold virus, herpes virus, systemic and subcutaneous fungal pathogens, mycobacterium species, and syphilis spirochete

85
Q

antipyretic and example

A

agent that relieves fever

ex: acetaminophen,

86
Q

general activities of phagocytes

A

1) survey tissue and discover microbes, particulate matter, and dead cells
2) ingest and eliminate
3) extract immunogenic information (antigens)

87
Q

neutrophilia

A

high neutrophil count in blood that often signifies an infection

88
Q

histiocytes and ex

A

specialized macrophages that migrate to certain tissues and remain there during their lifespan

  • alveolar macrophages,
  • kupffer cells in liver,
  • langerhans cells in skin,
  • macrophages of spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, kidney, bone and brain
89
Q

opsonization

A

process that coats surface of microorganisms with antibodies, facilitating recognition
often accompanies phagocytosis

90
Q

phagosome

A

vacuole that phagocyte encloses its prey in after it grabs it with its pseudopods

91
Q

phagolysosome

A

fusion of phagocyte and lysosome that obtains antimicrobial chemicals and is made to digest

92
Q

Myeloperoxidase

A

enzyme in granulocytes that forms halogen ions (OCl-) that are strong oxidizing agents

93
Q

Destructive chemicals of oxygen dependent system

A

OCl-, H202, O2- (superoxide anion), 1O2 (singlet oxygen), and .OH (hydroxide radical)

94
Q

non oxygen containing destroyers

A

lactic acid, lysozyme, NO, cationic proteins

95
Q

interferon (IFN)

A

small non-specific protein produced naturally by certain WBC used against viruses and cancer

96
Q

alpha IFN

A

product of lymphocytes

  • stimulate phags.
  • from T-lymph activates natural killer cells
97
Q

beta IFN

A

product of fibrolasts and epithelial cells

  • stimulate phags.
  • one type helps mature B and T cells and in inflammation
98
Q

gamma IFN

A

product of T cells

  • immune regulator of macrophages and T and B cells
  • also inhibits cancer cells, stim. B cells, activates macroph. and enhances phagocytosis.
99
Q

overall method of IFNs

A

bind to cell surfaces and induce changes in genetic expression
-all can inhibit expression of cancer genes

100
Q

Antiviral interferon

A

1) virus binds causing nucleus to create genes for IFN
2) IFN disperses to neighboring cells and activates the genes for a second protein which actually interferes with mult. of viruses

101
Q

Complement (C factor)

A

20 blood proteins in plasma that work to destroy bac and vir and complete immune reactions. may activate classical pathway or alternative

102
Q

source of C factor

A

liver hepatocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes

103
Q

three stages of complement cascade

A

1) initiation
2) amplification and cascade
3) membrane attack

104
Q

membrane attack complex

A

ring shaped protein that is produced as final product in complement cascade (regardless of pathway)
-digests holes in CM of bac. and enveloped vir.

105
Q

functional types of cytokines and other mediators

A

1) cytokines that mediate nonspecific immune rxn
2) cytokines that regulate growth and activation of lymphocytes
3) cytokines that activate immune rxns during inflammation
4) hemopoiesis for WBC
5) vasoactive mediators
6) misc inflammatory mediators

106
Q

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

A

from macrophages that increases chemotaxis and phagocytosis and stimulates other cells to secrete inflammatory cytokines.

  • endogenous pyrogen
  • increases coagulation
  • suppresses bone marrow
  • causes cachexia (Wasting of body )
107
Q

Interleukin (IL) 1

A

from macrophages and epithelial cells that acts like TNF

108
Q

IL 6

A

from macrophages, lymphocytes, and fibrolasts.

  • stimulate growth of B cells
  • increase synth of liver proteins
109
Q

Various chemokines

A
  • chemokines are cytokines that stimulate movement of WBC

- complement C5A, IL 8, and platelet factor

110
Q

pg 435 if time allows

A

.

111
Q

immunocompetence

A

ability of the body to react with many foreign substances

112
Q

two characteristics of third line of d

A

specificity and memory

113
Q

agents of specific immune response

A

B and T cells

114
Q

First line of defense

A

any barrier that blocks invasion at portal of entry

-not a true immune response

115
Q

immunocompetence

A

ability of the body to react with many foreign substances

116
Q

two characteristics of third line of d

A

specificity and memory

117
Q

agents of specific immune response

A

B and T cells

118
Q

First line of defense

A

any barrier that blocks invasion at portal of entry

-not a true immune response

Microbiology 3 (6 decks)

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