Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology 3 > Ch 13 > Flashcards

Ch 13 Flashcards

1
Q

normal flora

A

colonists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

transients

A

rapidly lost from the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

infection

A

condition in which pathogenic microbes penetrarte the host defenses, enter the tissues and multiply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

disease

A

when the effects of the infection damage or disrupt tissue

-any deviation from health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

infectious diseases

A

disruption of tissue or organ due to microbes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

pathogens

A

avoid host defenses, infiltrate body and cause infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

virulence

A

ability to invade a host and produce toxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Pathologic

A

disease state caused by structural and functional damage to tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Entrenchment

A

infectious agent is not arrested by immune system and is entrenched in tissues where pathologic effects cause damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

carrier state

A

microbe is harbored without effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Morbidity

A

state of diseased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

indigenous flora

A

normal resident flora that inhabit the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What areas of the body are sterile?

A

organs, fluids, and CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Overgrowth of what two normal flora bacteria occurs during antibiotic treatment?

A

1) Clost. difficile

2) Candida albicans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What bacteria act as opportunist pathogens?

A

Pneumococcal and pneumocystis pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Flora may act as a reservoir for bacterial pathogens such as?

A

1) staph. aureus
2) corynebacterium diphtheriae
3) Neiss. meningitidis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

When does baby first come into contact with microbes?

A

When fetal membrane of mother breaks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Within 8-12 hours after birth what bacteria have colonized newborn?

A

1) streptococci
2) staph.
3) lactobacilli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Bacteria from breast feeding?

A

bifidobacterium, which metabolizes sugars into acids that protect the infant from infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What events cause flora to be established?

A

eruption of teeth, weaning, solid food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where are microbes found on skin

A

Epidermis-dead cells

not in dermis or subcutaneous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Transition zones

A

where skin joins with mucous membranes. Contain rich flora

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

transient population

A

aka exposed flora
clings to skin surface but does not grow
-influenced by hygiene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

resident population

A

lives and multiplies in deeper layers of the epidermis and glands and follicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Normal skin resident examples

A

1) staph.
2) corynebacterium
3) propionibacterium
4) yeasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are prominent in sebaceous secretions

A

1) lipophilic mycobacteria

2) staph.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is prominent in smegma

A

mycobacterium smegmatis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Only places internally that have permanent flora

A

oral cavity, large intestine, and rectum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Common residents of mouth

A

Streptococcus species:

1) S. sanguis
2) S. salivarius
3) S. mitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Responsible for dental caries?

A

1) S. mutans
2) S. sanguis
by forming sticky dextran slime layers in the presence of sugar which attracts more bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Fecal flora

A

Anaerobic bacteria:

1) bacteroides
2) bifidobacterium
3) fusobacterium
4) clostridium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Coliforms

A

gram- facultative anaerobes and lactose fermenting microbes found in smaller numbers in feces

  • may ferment waste materials into vitamins
    1) E. coli
    2) Enterobacter
    3) Citrobacter
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

skatole

A

a chemical that gives feces its characteristic stench

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What resides in nasal cavity?

A

staph aureus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What resides in mucous membranes of nasopharynx?

A

Neisseria species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What resides in tonsils and lower pharynx?

A

streptococci and haemophilus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Residents of urethra?

A

nonhemolytic strep., staph., coryn. and occasionally coliforms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What does estrogen effect with respect to microbes?

A

Estrogen causes secretion of glycogen which lactobacillus ferment and lower the pH, which protects a fetus against other microbes
-prepuberty and postmenopause have little estrogen and allow a mixed flora to exist in the vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

diptheroids

A

non-pathogenic species of corynebacterium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

axenic

A

germ free

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

gnotobiotic studies

A

testing the effect of a single microbe in a sterile environment
-means known origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Entamoeba histolytica

A

more pathogenic in non-germ free animal b/c it feeds on normal flora in intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

true pathogens

A

aka primary pathogens cause disease in healthy individuals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Opportunistic pathogens

A

causes disease only when host is compromised or establish in an area that they normally don’t

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Portal of entry

A

usually cutaneous or membranous boundary where infectious agent enters
-most pathogens have a specific portal of entry and a wrong portal will not cause infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

exogenous

A

originating from source outside body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

endogenous

A

already existing on or in body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Examples with multiple portals of entry

A

1) Myco. TB-resp. and GI tract
2) Coryn. dipth.-throat and skin
3) strep. and staph. have several portals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Examples that enter through broken skin

A

1) S. aureus-boils
2) Strept. pyogenes-impetigo
3) fungal dermatophytes
4) gangrene
5) tetanus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Pathogens of the eye

A 
target conjunctiva:
1)haemophilus aegyptius-pinkeye
2)chlamydia trachomatis-trachoma
3)Neisseria gonorrhoeae
after injury or foreign objects:
4)herpes
5)acanthamoeba-contaminates homemade contact solutions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

GI pathogens

A 
gram neg rods:
1)salmonella
2)shigella
3)vibrio
viruses:
4)poliovirus
5) hep A
6)echovirus
7)rotavirus
protozoans:
8)entamoeba histolytica
9) giardia lamblia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

pneumonia

A

inflammatory condition of the lung that can be caused by many microbes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Agents of lung disease

A

1) mycobacterium TB

2) histoplasma (fungus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Diseases that can cross placenta/significant during childbirth

A

STORCH

1) Syphilis
2) Toxoplasmosis
3) Others (hep B, AIDS, chlamydia)
4) Rubella
5) Cytomegalovirus
6) Herpes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Infectious dose (ID)

A

or microbes necessary for infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

relationship b/w virulence and ID

A

lower ID=more virulent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Adhesion

A

process by which organisms gain a stable foothold at portal of entry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

How to bacteria adhere?

A

fimbrae, flagella, slimes, or capsules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

How do viruses adhere?

A

specialized receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

How do protozoa adhere?

A

infiltrate by organelle of locomtion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Mucinase

A

digests protective coating on mucous membranes

-amebic dysentery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Keratinase

A

digests keratin

-secreted by fungi that causes ringworm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

collagenase

A

digests collagen-fiber of connective tissue

-invasive factor of worms and clostridium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

hyaluronidase

A

digests hyaluronic acid-cements animal cells together

-viruluence factor for staphy., clost., strep, and pneumococci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

coagulase

A

causes blood to coagulate

-by pathogenic staph.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

streptokinase (streptase) and staphylokinase

A

dissolve blood clots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

toxin

A

chemical product of organisms that is poisonous to other animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

toxinogenicity

A

power to produce toxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

toxinoses

A

diseases caused by toxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

toxemia and ex.

A

toxinosis when toxin spreads by blood from site of infection

-tetanus and diphtheria

71
Q

intoxication and ex.

A

ingestion of toxins

-botulism

72
Q

exotoxin

A

unbound toxin that is secreted

  • strong specificity, strong toxins
  • typically damage CM
73
Q

endotoxin

A

released only after cell is damaged

  • less specific
  • may causes fever, inflammation, hemorrhage, and diarrhea
74
Q

hemolysins

A

bacterial exotoxin that lyses RBC (and others)

75
Q

hemolyze

A

burst of RBC

76
Q

hemolysins of streptococcus pyogenes

A

streptolysins-increase pathogenicity

77
Q

hemolysins of staph. aureus

A

alpha and beta toxins-increase pathogenicity

78
Q

toxin of clostridium tetani

A

blocks action of spinal neurons

79
Q

toxin of clost. botulinum

A

prevents transmission of nerve-muscle stimuli

80
Q

pertussis toxin

A

inactivates resp. cilia

81
Q

cholera toxin

A

provokes salt and water loss from intestinal cells

82
Q

class of chemicals that endotoxins belong to

A

LPS

83
Q

What bacteria release endotoxins

A

gram- upon lysis

84
Q

Blood infection by what bacteria can be fatal?

A

1) salm.
2) shig.
3) Ness. meningitidis.
4) E. coli

May cause fatal endotoxic shock

85
Q

Antiphagocytic factors

A

virulence factor that help avoid phagocytes (WBC)

86
Q

Antiphagocytic factors that kill phags.

A

Leukocidins

produced by strep. and staph.

87
Q

Antiphagocytic factors that make engulfment difficult

A

secrete extracellular layer

-strep. pneumoniae, salm. typhi, neiss. menin.,cryptococcus neoformans

88
Q

Antiphagocytic factors that allow survival in phags.

A

legionella, mycobacterium and rickettsias are engulfed but not destroyed

89
Q

necrosis

A

cell and tissue death

90
Q

Toxins of viruses

A

they don’t produce toxins nor destructive enzymes

-they lyse cells by multiplying inside of them

91
Q

localized infection and ex.

A

microbe enters and remains in specific tissue

-boils, fungal inf. and warts

92
Q

systemic infection

A

infection spreads to several sites, typically via blood

93
Q

systemic bacterial diseases

A

brucellosis, anthrax, typhoid fever, and syphilis

94
Q

systemic viral diseases

A

measles, rubella, chickenpox, and AIDS

95
Q

systemic fungal diseases

A

histoplasmosis and crytococcosis

96
Q

disease that travels via nerves

A

rabies

97
Q

disease that travels via cerebrospinal fluid

A

meningitis

98
Q

Focal infection and ex.

A

when infectious agent breaks free from local area and then spreads
-TB, streptococcal pharyngitis

99
Q

toxemia

A

infection remains localized but the toxins are carried to target tissue

100
Q

mixed infection and ex

A

several agents cause infection

-gas gangrene, wound inf., dental caries, and bite inf.

101
Q

primary or initial infection

A

first infection present

102
Q

secondary infection

A

second infection that typically complicates primary infection

103
Q

incubation period

A

time from entry to first symptom

  • agent is multiplying at port of entry
  • typically 2-30 days
104
Q

prodromal stage

A

short (1-2 days) of discomfort-headache, fatigue, etc

105
Q

period of invasion

A

multiplication at high levels causes severe symptoms

106
Q

convalescent period

A

normal health returns

107
Q

terminal disease

A

an infection that results (typically directly) in death

108
Q

-itis

A

inflammation

109
Q

-emia

A

associated with blood

110
Q

-osis or -iasis

A

disease

111
Q

-oma

A

tumor

112
Q

acute infection

A

severe short lived effects

113
Q

chronic infections

A

long lasting effects

114
Q

subacute infections

A

“middle” lasting

115
Q

sign

A

any evidence of disease from an observer

116
Q

symptom

A

any evidence of disease from self

117
Q

syndrome

A

disease that can be identified by signs and symptoms

118
Q

edema

A

accumulation of fluid in afflicted tissue

119
Q

granulomas and abscesses

A

walled off collections of inflammatory cells and microbes in tissues

120
Q

lymphadenitis

A

swollen lymph nodes

121
Q

lesion

A

general term for site of infections

122
Q

leukocytosis

A

increase in WBC

123
Q

leukopenia

A

decreases in WBC

124
Q

septicemia

A

blood infection

125
Q

bacteremia

A

bacteria in blood

126
Q

viremia

A

virus in blood

127
Q

terms for infections that go unnoticed

A

asymptomatic, subclinical, or inapparent

128
Q

portal of exit

A

where microbe leaves host

-often same as portal of entry

129
Q

latency

A

dormant stage of microbe when it is not destroyed or released from body

130
Q

sequelae

A

long term or perm. damage to tissues or organs

1) meningitis-deafness
2) strep throat-rheumatic heart disease
3) lyme desease-arthritis
4) polio-paralysis

131
Q

epidemiology

A

study of frequency and spread of disease

132
Q

surveillance

A

collecting, analyzing, and reporting data on rates of occurrence, mortality, etc.

133
Q

reportable diseases

A

must be reported to authorities

134
Q

prevalence

A

total number of cases/total number of population *100%

135
Q

incidence

A

number of new cases/number of healthy persons (kept as ratio)

136
Q

endemic

A

steady frequency in a population over time

-lyme disease

137
Q

sporadic

A

occasional cases at irregular intervals

-tetanus and diphtheria

138
Q

epidemic

A

prevalence of endemic or sporadic disease is increasing beyond what is expected

139
Q

pandemic

A

spread of epidemic across continents

140
Q

reservoir

A

where a pathogen originates

141
Q

source

A

individual or object in which the infection is actually acquired
-source and reservoir may be the same

142
Q

carrier

A

someone who inconspicuously harbors pathogen and spreads it without notice

143
Q

asymptomatic carriers

A

apparently healthy carriers

144
Q

incubation carriers

A

spread the disease during incubation

145
Q

convalescent carriers

A

recuperating patients that spread viable microbes

146
Q

chronic carrier

A

shelters the infectious agent for long period after recovery

147
Q

passive carrier

A

passing infection via contaminated devices

148
Q

vector

A

live animal that passes disease

149
Q

biological vector

A

actively participates in pathogen’s life

-flea (feces), mosquito (saliva), tsetse fly (blood)

150
Q

mechanical vector

A

not necessary to life cycle of pathogen and may be transferred to intermediate

151
Q

zoonisis

A

infection indiggenous to animals but naturally transmissible to humans

  • human acts as dead end host
  • disease will never be eradicated without wiping out animal reservoir
152
Q

communicable

A

infected host can transmit infec. agent to another host and establish infection

153
Q

contagious

A

if the agent is transmissible, especially through direct contact

154
Q

non-communicable

A

disease is not established from host to host

155
Q

horizontal

A

spread throughout people in population

156
Q

vertical

A

spread to offspring

157
Q

direct transmission

A

port of entry meets port of exit

158
Q

indirect transmission

A

port of exit–>int.–>port of entry

159
Q

vehicle

A

inanimate material commonly used by humans that can transmit infectious agents

160
Q

fomite

A

inanimate object that harbors and transmits pathogens

161
Q

droplet nuclei

A

dried microscopic residues that may transmit hardier pathogens

162
Q

aerosols

A

suspensions of fine dust or moisture that contain live pathogens

163
Q

nosocomial infections

A

infectious diseases acquired from a hospital stay

164
Q

gram- nosocomial infections

A

1) E. coli
2) klebsiella
3) pseudomonas

165
Q

gram+ nosocomial infections

A

staph and strep and yeasts

166
Q

etiologic agent

A

aka causative agent of disease

167
Q

Koch’s postulate

A

1) find evidence of particular microbe in every case of disease
2) isolate microbe and cultivate it
3) inoculate healthy subject and observe result
4) reisolate agent from subject

168
Q

gram- nosocomial infections

A

1) E. coli
2) klebsiella
3) pseudomonas

169
Q

gram+ nosocomial infections

A

staph and strep and yeasts

170
Q

normal flora

A

colonists

171
Q

etiologic agent

A

aka causative agent of disease

172
Q

Koch’s postulate

A

1) find evidence of particular microbe in every case of disease
2) isolate microbe and cultivate it
3) inoculate healthy subject and observe result
4) reisolate agent from subject

173
Q

normal flora

A

colonists

Microbiology 3 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions