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Bio 74 Exam 3 > Ch 13 (Viruses, Viroids, and Prions) > Flashcards

Ch 13 (Viruses, Viroids, and Prions) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of viruses?

A

Small, acellular, infectious, DNA or RNA

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2
Q

What do viruses depend on the host for?

A

Metabolic pathway & reproduction/replication

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3
Q

What happens if the virus is in the environment?

A

No growth or response

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4
Q

What is a virion?

A

Extracellular state. Has nucleocapsid, phospholipid envelope.

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5
Q

What is the nucleocapsid made of?

A

Protein (capsid) and nucleic acid

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6
Q

True or False. Viruses have both DNA and RNA.

A

False.

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7
Q

True or False. Viruses infect specific host cells and why? Example?

A

True, due to complimentary proteins. Ex: HIV and T cells

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8
Q

What are generalist viruses? Example?

A

Infect many cells. Ex: West Nile Virus

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9
Q

What is capsid made of

A

Capsomeres (protein subunit)

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10
Q

What is the viral envelope made of?

A

Phospholipid bilayer and proteins.

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11
Q

What are glycoproteins in the envelope used for?

A

Attach to host cell & host recognition

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12
Q

Which viruses are more fragile, enveloped or naked?

A

Enveloped due to phospholipid bilayer

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13
Q

What is an example of an enveloped virus? Non enveloped?

A

Envelope is flu and non enveloped is cold

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14
Q

True or false, a cold is more severe than the flu.

A

False. Enveloped viruses are more severe

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15
Q

What are the five steps of lytic replication.

A

Attachment, entry, synthesis, assembly, and release.

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16
Q

Explain the steps of lytic replication (Attachment)

A

viral protein bind w/ host cell receptor

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17
Q

Explain the steps of lytic replication (Entry)

A

Lysozyme break cell wall. Nucleic acids and enzymes enter.

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18
Q

Explain the steps of lytic replication (Synthesis)

A

Enzyme degrade host chromosome, hijack host cell enzymes. Viral particle synthesis.

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19
Q

Explain the steps of lytic replication (Assembly)

A

Viral particle assembly

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20
Q

Explain the steps of lytic replication (Release)

A

Viral particle release, host cell is lysed (die)

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21
Q

What is lysogeny in bacteriophage?

A

Reproduction where virus is dormant and integrate into bacterial chromosome

22
Q

What are the steps of lysogeny?

A

Attach, entry, integrate, cell division, and induction

23
Q

What’s the difference between the lytic cycle and lysogeny?

A

Lytic cycle = dead host; lysogeny = living host

24
Q

True or false, lysogeny is a continuation of the lytic cycle.

25
Q

True or false, if the virus is induced during lysogeny, it continues the lytic cycle.

26
Q

How do animal viruses attach?

A

Glycoproteins & chemical attraction

27
Q

What is chemical attraction in animal viruses

A

Viral protein bind w/ cell receptor

28
Q

How do viruses infect cells?

A

Uncoat and release nucleic acid in cell

29
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms of entry for animal viruses and describe them.

A

Direct penetration, membrane fusion, and endocytosis

30
Q

How are enveloped animal viruses released?

31
Q

How are naked animal viruses released?

A

Exocytosis or lysis

32
Q

What is a retrovirus?

A

Has reverse transcriptase, RNA virus

33
Q

What is a prophage?

A

inactive bacteriophage (during integration)

34
Q

What is lyosgenic conversion?

A

Phage change phenotype of bacterium

35
Q

What are proviruses?

A

Latent/dormant animal virus

36
Q

T/F Proviruses can go through induction.

A

False, incorporation is permanent

37
Q

What is neoplasia?

A

Unctrolled cell division

38
Q

What is a the difference between benign and malignant tumor

A

Can’t spread vs Can Spread

39
Q

What is metastasis?

A

Tumor travels and invades throughout body

40
Q

What is the oncogene theory

A

Protoocogene is off and repressor is on until virus is inserted (changes promoter to oncogene and causes uncontrolled cell division)

41
Q

What is the 2 hit theory

A

How viruses might cause cancer (activate protooncogene and damage receptor protein)

42
Q

What does the protooncogene do?

A

Promote cell growth and division

43
Q

What does the oncogene do (Hint zombie)

A

Makes cells that should be dead to come to proliferate

44
Q

How are viruses cultured in the lab?

A

Organisms (bacteria, plants, animals), chicken egg, & cell tissue

45
Q

What are viroids

A

Small ssRNA, infects plants, no caspid

46
Q

What happens when a viroid infects a plant?

A

Prevents translation (no protein), plant enzymes degrade dsRNA

47
Q

What are prions

A

Protein viruses. NO NUCLEID ACID

48
Q

What is cellular PrP protein

A

normal, alpha helices

49
Q

What is a prion PrP

A

Disease causing, beta-sheet

50
Q

What happens if cellular PrP interacts w/ prion pRp

A

Cellular PrP misfolds & changes to priont PrP

51
Q

What are the 3 spongiform encephalopathies?

A

BSE (Bovine spongiform encephalitis), vCJD (variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease), Scrapie

52
Q

How are prions treated?

A

incineration, autoclave, prionenzyme

Bio 74 Exam 3 (3 decks)

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