Ch 13 - Musculoskeletal Pathology

Question 1

adhesive capsulitis

Answer 1

loss of range of motion in the shoulder; also called “frozen shoulder”

Question 2

anterior cruciate ligament tear

Answer 2

injury to one of the stabilizing ligaments of the knee, which originates on the anterior portion of the femur

Question 3

bursitis

Answer 3

condition of inflammation of the tiny fluid-filled sacs that act as cushions and provide lubrication to decrease friction and irritation between structures such as bones, tendons, muscles and skin

Question 4

carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)

Answer 4

compression of the median nerve, causing pain or numbness in the wrist, hand and fingers

Question 5

claw toe

Answer 5

condition in which the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint flexes dorsally while the other joint or joints in the toe flex toward the sole

Question 6

contracture

Answer 6

fibrosis (build up of connective tissue/scarring) of connective tissue which decreases the mobility of a joint

Question 7

crepitation

Answer 7

grating sound from broken bones, or a clicking or crackling sound from joints

Question 8

dislocation

Answer 8

displacement or separation of a bone from its normal position where it articulates with another bone

Question 9

electromyography (EMG)

Answer 9

test used to evaluate and record the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles; used to diagnose neuromuscular disorders

Question 10

fibromyalgia

Answer 10

chronic condition marked by pain in the muscles, tendons, ligaments, and soft tissues of the body; also called “fibromyositis,” “fibrositis,” and “myofibrositis”

Question 11

fracture

Answer 11

condition in which a bone is broken or cracked

Question 12

ganglion cyst

Answer 12

condition in which one or more small benign tumors filled with a thick, colorless, gelatinous substance develop over a joint or tendon, usually on the wrist or back of hand; sometimes called a “Bible cyst”

Question 13

gout

Answer 13

hereditary form of arthritis, characterized by uric acid accumulation in the joints, especially in the great toe

Question 14

hallux rigidus

Answer 14

condition in which degenerative arthritis affects the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint at the base of the big toe, causing pain and stiffness

Question 15

hallux valgus

Answer 15

condition in which the big toe is improperly aligned, pointing laterally toward the second toe and creating a large bump on the inner edge of the foot at the base of the big toe; commonly called “bunion”

Question 16

hammertoe

Answer 16

condition in which the toe is bent downward at the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint

Question 17

herniated disc

Answer 17

herniation of the soft center of an intervertebral disc

Question 18

juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA)

Answer 18

disorder similar to adult-onset RA, with earlier onset and more severe symptoms

Question 19

kyphosis

Answer 19

abnormal increase in the curvature of the thoracic vertebrae, causing hunchback

Question 20

lordosis

Answer 20

abnormal increase in the curvature of the lumbar vertebrae, causing swayback

Question 21

mallet toe

Answer 21

condition in which the toe is bent downward at the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint

Question 22

medial tibial syndrome

Answer 22

painful condition involving tiny tears in the muscles and tendons that attach to the anterior tibia (shin); commonly called “shin splints”

Question 23

meniscal tear

Answer 23

tear of one of the two C-shaped cartilage structures that serve to cushion and stabilize the knee joint, usually caused by twisting force

Question 24

muscular dystrophy (MD)

Answer 24

hereditary, progressive terminal disease that causes muscle atrophy and death, usually by age 20

Question 25

myasthenia gravis

Answer 25

autoimmune motor disorder that causes progressive muscle fatigue and weakness

Question 26

osteitis deformans

Answer 26

chronic condition in which the process of bone destruction and regrowth occurs abnormally, causing weak, fragile, enlarged and misshapen bones; also called “Paget’s disease”

Question 27

osteoarthritis

Answer 27

condition of cartilage deterioration and joint inflammation marked by pain, stiffness, and decreased ROM, most commonly affecting synovial weight-bearing joints and vertebrae; also called “degenerative joint disease” (DJD)

Question 28

osteomalacia

Answer 28

condition of softening and weakening of the bones; when it occurs in children, it is called “rickets”

Question 29

osteomyelitis

Answer 29

acute or chronic infection within the bone, most commonly affecting the legs, arms, pelvis and spine

Question 30

osteoporosis

Answer 30

condition characterized by loss of bone mass throughout the skeleton

Question 31

pathological fracture

Answer 31

breaking of diseased, weakened bone from the stress of normal everyday activities

Question 32

plantar fasciitis

Answer 32

painful condition of the supporting structures of the arch of the foot, primarily the plantar fascia, a band of tissue that connects the heel with the toes

Question 33

rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

Answer 33

autoimmune arthritis that causes progressive joint pain and deformity and may affect organ systems

Question 34

rotator cuff tear

Answer 34

traumatic rip of one or more of the muscles or tendons within the rotator cuff of the shoulder

Question 35

scoliosis

Answer 35

abnormal S-shaped lateral curvature of the vertebrae

Question 36

sprain

Answer 36

complete or incomplete tear in the ligaments around a joint

Question 37

strain

Answer 37

trauma to a muscle, and sometimes a tendon, due to violent contraction or excessive forcible stretching

Question 38

tendinitis

Answer 38

inflammation of a tendon due to overuse

Question 39

thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS)

Answer 39

group of painful disorders involving compression of the nerves or vessels in the neck and arms

Question 40

antinuclear antibody (ANA) test

Answer 40

test to detect the presence of autoantibodies that may suggest an autoimmune disorder such as rheumatoid arthritis

Question 41

arthrography

Answer 41

radiological examination of a joint after injection of a contrast fluid into the joint space

Question 42

bone marrow aspiration

Answer 42

removal of a bone marrow specimen from the cortex of a flat bone for analysis

Question 43

bone scan

Answer 43

use of a gamma camera to detect abnormalities in bone density after injection of a radioactive material

Question 44

C-reactive protein (CRP) test

Answer 44

test to detect or monitor inflammatory conditions

Question 45

Creatine kinase (CK) test

Answer 45

test to measure isoenzyme that skeletal and cardiac muscles release into the blood when they are damaged

Question 46

cryotherapy

Answer 46

application of cold, such as ice compresses, to decrease inflammation and pain

Question 47

dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)

Answer 47

radiological evaluation of bone density to detect osteoporosis

Question 48

electromyogram (EMG)

Answer 48

record of skeletal-muscle electrical activity; used to diagnose neuromuscular disorders

Question 49

erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR, sed rate) test

Answer 49

rate at which red blood cells settle in a tube of unclotted blood; an elevated ESR indicates inflammation

Question 50

rheumatoid factor test

Answer 50

blood test used to identify rheumatoid arthritis and other disorders

Question 51

total hip replacement (THR)

Answer 51

procedure to replace an arthritic hip with a prosthetic device to restore mobility and function; also referred to as “total hip arthroplasty”

Question 52

transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)

Answer 52

delivery of a mild electrical current to a painful area, to disrupt transmission of pain signals between the body and brain