CH 13 Microbes Flashcards
Microbes
Is an overall term that means small life, it can be highly innacurate
Microbes
Any organism that is small, belong to any domain of life
Can be bacteria, achaea, and eukaryote
Ways microbes are successful organisms
- Microbes are genetically diverse
- Microbes species live in almost every habitat, can eat almost anything
- Microbes are abundant
Bacteria
Prokaryotes and comes in three different shapes, gram staining, and metabolic activities
-Bacteria Shape
- Cocci: Spherical shaped
- Bacili: Rod-shaped
- Spirilli: Spiral-shaped
-Gram Stain
- Postiive: thick glycoprotein layer (peptidoglycan)
2. Negative: thin peptidoglycan layer beneath an additional membrane
-Metabolic Diversity
Chemoorganotrophs
Bacteria that consume organic molecules such as carbohydrates
-Chemolithotrophs
Chemical inorganic feeders that use inorganic materials as energy source: ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen, and iron
-Photoautotrophs
Bacteria that uses energy from sunlight, contains chlorophylls that converts carbon dioxide and water into glucose through photosynthesis
Bacteria has two kinds of genetic material
- Chromosome: passed onto its offspring through binary fission
- Plasmids: small circular DNA that carries gene and passed down to others through: conjugation, transduction, and transformation
-Conjugation
Process by which one bacterium transfers a copy of its genetic material to another bacterium
-Transduction
Occurs when bacteriophage transfers new bacterial genes to the bacterium
-Transformation
Takes up DNA from its surroundings
Normal Flora
Beneficial
Bacteria which are found in or on our bodies on a semi permanent basis without causing disease
Probiotic Therapy
Beneficial
A method of treating infections by deliberately introducing benign bacteria in large numbers to swamp out the harmful forms
Pathogenic
Harmful
Microbes that can cause diseases in humans
STD
Harmful
Disease caused by many types of microbes: bacteria, virus, protist, fungi, and arthropods
-Produce symptoms with varying severity from mild discomfort, sterility, and even death
Penicillin
Resistance to drugs
The first antibiotic to be manufactured and widely used against disease causing bacteria
Archaea
Different from Bacteria
Possess characteristics that place them between bacteria and eukarya in the tree of life
Archaea
Bacteria and Archaea look similar but have differences in DNA sequence, plasma membranes, cell walls, and flagella
Archaea in Habitats
too extreme
Are extremophiles or “lover’s of extreme conditions”
Five groups of Archaea
- Thermophiles-“heat lovers”
- Halophiles-“ salt lovers”
- High/Low pH tolerant Archaea
- High Pressure tolerant Archaea
- Methanogens-anaerobic and produces methane
Protists
are the first microbes to develop a nucleus, further more through invagination and endocytosis of other prokaryotes became the first eukaryotic cell
Protists that share properties from other eukaryotic kingdom
- Animal-like Protists-can move and hunt for preys
- Fungi-like Protists-are heterotrophs and form sheet-like colonies like fungi
- Plant-like Protists-are multicellular and are capable of photosynthesis
Parasite
is an organism that lives in or on another organisms called a host
Host
is an organism in which parasites lives in
Plasmodium
an example of protist parasite, which causes malaria
Virus
is a particle that consists of genetic material contained inside a protein capsule
Capsid
protein container that hold the DNA or RNA genetic material of viruses
Viruses infect wide range of organisms, responisble for diseases
Many viruses can cause diseases
•DNA viruses are more stable, because DNA replication check for error and corrects them during replication
•RNA viruses change quickly, RNA replicating enzymes does not check for errors
•Glycoproteinson the surface of viruses determine the types of cells a virus can invade
•Viruses can only infect one species, or a few closely related species
HIV
Difficult to control infectious disease
Human immunodeficiency virus-a virus derived from SIV from monkeys and which then jumped to humans
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
sexually transmitted disease caused by a virus
Retrovirus
RNA virus that integrates its genetic information with the host’s genome
