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Biology 120 > CH 13 Microbes > Flashcards

CH 13 Microbes Flashcards

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1
Q

Microbes

A

Is an overall term that means small life, it can be highly innacurate

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2
Q

Microbes

A

Any organism that is small, belong to any domain of life

Can be bacteria, achaea, and eukaryote

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3
Q

Ways microbes are successful organisms

A
  1. Microbes are genetically diverse
  2. Microbes species live in almost every habitat, can eat almost anything
  3. Microbes are abundant
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4
Q

Bacteria

A

Prokaryotes and comes in three different shapes, gram staining, and metabolic activities

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5
Q

-Bacteria Shape

A
  1. Cocci: Spherical shaped
  2. Bacili: Rod-shaped
  3. Spirilli: Spiral-shaped
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6
Q

-Gram Stain

A
  1. Postiive: thick glycoprotein layer (peptidoglycan)

2. Negative: thin peptidoglycan layer beneath an additional membrane

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7
Q

-Metabolic Diversity

Chemoorganotrophs

A

Bacteria that consume organic molecules such as carbohydrates

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8
Q

-Chemolithotrophs

A

Chemical inorganic feeders that use inorganic materials as energy source: ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen, and iron

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9
Q

-Photoautotrophs

A

Bacteria that uses energy from sunlight, contains chlorophylls that converts carbon dioxide and water into glucose through photosynthesis

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10
Q

Bacteria has two kinds of genetic material

A
  1. Chromosome: passed onto its offspring through binary fission
  2. Plasmids: small circular DNA that carries gene and passed down to others through: conjugation, transduction, and transformation
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11
Q

-Conjugation

A

Process by which one bacterium transfers a copy of its genetic material to another bacterium

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12
Q

-Transduction

A

Occurs when bacteriophage transfers new bacterial genes to the bacterium

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13
Q

-Transformation

A

Takes up DNA from its surroundings

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14
Q

Normal Flora

Beneficial

A

Bacteria which are found in or on our bodies on a semi permanent basis without causing disease

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15
Q

Probiotic Therapy

Beneficial

A

A method of treating infections by deliberately introducing benign bacteria in large numbers to swamp out the harmful forms

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16
Q

Pathogenic

Harmful

A

Microbes that can cause diseases in humans

17
Q

STD

Harmful

A

Disease caused by many types of microbes: bacteria, virus, protist, fungi, and arthropods
-Produce symptoms with varying severity from mild discomfort, sterility, and even death

18
Q

Penicillin

Resistance to drugs

A

The first antibiotic to be manufactured and widely used against disease causing bacteria

19
Q

Archaea

Different from Bacteria

A

Possess characteristics that place them between bacteria and eukarya in the tree of life

20
Q

Archaea

A

Bacteria and Archaea look similar but have differences in DNA sequence, plasma membranes, cell walls, and flagella

21
Q

Archaea in Habitats

too extreme

A

Are extremophiles or “lover’s of extreme conditions”

22
Q

Five groups of Archaea

A
  1. Thermophiles-“heat lovers”
  2. Halophiles-“ salt lovers”
  3. High/Low pH tolerant Archaea
  4. High Pressure tolerant Archaea
  5. Methanogens-anaerobic and produces methane
23
Q

Protists

A

are the first microbes to develop a nucleus, further more through invagination and endocytosis of other prokaryotes became the first eukaryotic cell

24
Q

Protists that share properties from other eukaryotic kingdom

A
  1. Animal-like Protists-can move and hunt for preys
  2. Fungi-like Protists-are heterotrophs and form sheet-like colonies like fungi
  3. Plant-like Protists-are multicellular and are capable of photosynthesis
25
Q

Parasite

A

is an organism that lives in or on another organisms called a host

26
Q

Host

A

is an organism in which parasites lives in

27
Q

Plasmodium

A

an example of protist parasite, which causes malaria

28
Q

Virus

A

is a particle that consists of genetic material contained inside a protein capsule

29
Q

Capsid

A

protein container that hold the DNA or RNA genetic material of viruses

30
Q

Viruses infect wide range of organisms, responisble for diseases

A

Many viruses can cause diseases
•DNA viruses are more stable, because DNA replication check for error and corrects them during replication
•RNA viruses change quickly, RNA replicating enzymes does not check for errors
•Glycoproteinson the surface of viruses determine the types of cells a virus can invade
•Viruses can only infect one species, or a few closely related species

31
Q

HIV

Difficult to control infectious disease

A

Human immunodeficiency virus-a virus derived from SIV from monkeys and which then jumped to humans

32
Q

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

A

sexually transmitted disease caused by a virus

33
Q

Retrovirus

A

RNA virus that integrates its genetic information with the host’s genome

Biology 120 (2 decks)

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