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Medical Biochemistry > Ch. 13: ETC, Oxidative Phosphorylation, Other O2-Consuming Systems > Flashcards

Ch. 13: ETC, Oxidative Phosphorylation, Other O2-Consuming Systems Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

ETC: What is complex I?

A

NADH-ubiquinone (coenzyme Q) oxidoreductase

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2
Q

ETC: What is complex II?

A

Succinate-ubiquinone (coenzyme Q) oxidoreductase

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3
Q

ETC: What is complex III?

A

Ubiquinol (hydroquinone) - cytochrome c oxidoreductase

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4
Q

ETC: What is complex IV?

A

Cytochrome c oxidase

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5
Q

Which ETC complexes move H+ from mitochondrial matrix ➡️ intermembrane space? How many H+ are moved by each?

A

Complexes I, III, IV

4 H+

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6
Q

Co-factors in complex I?

A

FMN

Fe-S

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7
Q

Co-factors in complex II?

A

FAD

Fe-S

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8
Q

Co-factors in complex III?

A

Cytochrome b
Fe-S
Cytochrome c1

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9
Q

Co-factors in complex IV?

A 
Cytochrome a (Cu)
Cytochrome a3 (Cu)
O2
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10
Q

Role of Fe-S (iron-sulfur protein complex Fe4S4)?

A

Center of accepting & donating e- (complexes I, II, III)

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11
Q

Inhibitors of complex I?

A

Rotenone
Piericidin A
Amytal

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12
Q

Inhibitors of complex II?

A

Oxaloacetate
Malonate
Thenoyltrifluoroacetone
Carboxin

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13
Q

Inhibitor of complex III?

A

Antimycin A

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14
Q

Inhibitors of complex IV?

A

Cyanide (blocks ferric state iron of cyt a & a3)
CO
Sodium azide

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15
Q

What enzyme complex does NADPH use?

A

Transdehydrogenase

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16
Q

ATP Synthase: Location of F0 complex? Function?

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

Contains H+ pore

17
Q

ATP Synthase: Location of F1 complex? Function?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

Contains catalytic activity (ADP + Pi ➡️ ATP)

18
Q

3 alpha-beta domains of ATP Synthase F1 complex?

A

Open conformation: ⬇️ affinity for [S] & [P], inactive
Loose conformation: binds loosely, catalytically inactive
Tight conformation: binds tightly, catalytically active

19
Q

What is the function of uncoupling agents of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Create channel ➡️ H+ reenter mitochondrial matrix w/out capturing energy as ATP

Energy released as heat

20
Q

What are the uncoupling agents of oxidative phosphorylation?

A 
Oligomycin
Brown adipocytes (UCP1, thermogenin)
2,4-dinitrophenol
⬆️ aspirin
Ionophores (valinomycin, nigericin, gramicidin A)
21
Q

Of the 2 shuttles moving NADH ➡️ mitochondria, which is principle?

A

Malate-aspartate shuttle

22
Q

G3P shuttle: NADH (cytosol) ➡️ FADH2 (MT)

Where does FADH2 go?

A

Coenzyme Q of ETC

23
Q

Malate Aspartate shuttle: NADH (cytosol) ➡️ NADH (MT)

Where does NADH go?

A

Complex I of ETC

24
Q

Regulation of apoptosis at MT?

A

➕: Bax, free radicals, ⬆️Ca2+

➖: Bcl2

25
Q

release of cyt c ➡️ steps to apoptosis?

A

Cyt c + Apaf-1 + Procaspase 9 ➡️ Apoptosome
Apoptosome + ATP ➡️ activate Caspase 9
Caspase 9 ➡️ activates caspases ➡️ cell death

26
Q

mtDNA mutations: Nucleotide substitutions

Mildly deleterious base substitutions ➡️ clinical examples?

A

Familial deafness
Alzheimer’s
Parkinson’s

27
Q

mtDNA mutations: Nucleotide substitutions

Moderately deleterious base substitutions ➡️ clinical examples?

A

Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON)

Myoclonic epilepsy & ragged-red fiber disease (MERRF)

28
Q

mtDNA mutations: Nucleotide substitutions

Severe deleterious base substitutions ➡️ clinical examples?

A

Leigh’s syndrome dystonia

29
Q

mtDNA mutations: rearrangements

Milder rearrangements (duplications) ➡️ clinical examples?

A

Maternally inherited adult-onset diabetes & deafness

30
Q

mtDNA mutations: rearrangements

Severe rearrangements (deletions) ➡️ clinical examples?

A

chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO)
Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS)
lethal childhood disorders
Pearson marrow/pancreas syndrome

31
Q

Other O2 consuming systems:

Hypoxanthine ➡️ 2 products? (separate rxns w/water & O2 ➡️ also makes ROS)

A

Xanthine

Uric acid

32
Q

Other O2 consuming systems:

D-amino acid ➡️ ? (+ H2O2)

A

Keto acids

33
Q

Fxn of NADPH producing ROS?

A

Kills germs

34
Q

Fxn of glutathione?

A

Reacts with ROS (protects against O2 toxicity)

Oxidized glutathione (GSSG) reacts with NADPH

Medical Biochemistry (23 decks)

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