Ch. 1: Cells: Structures & Functions

Question 1

5 properties of living cells?

Answer 1

Metabolism
Growth
Mutation
Reproduction
Response
(MGMRR)

Question 2

What are the components of the plasma membrane?

Answer 2

Lipid bilayer
Phosphate
CHO
Protein

Question 3

Functions of plasma membrane?

Answer 3

1) physical integrity of cell (prevent cell contents from leaking)
2) regulate influx & efflux of nutrients & chemicals
3) cell-cell recognition

Question 4

What coordinates functions of plasma membrane & cell processes (attachment, movement, growth, differentiation)?

Answer 4

Integrins

Question 5

2 components of cytoskeleton? Specific types of each?

Answer 5

Microfilaments: actin

Microtubules: spindle fibers, centrioles

Question 6

Functions of cytoskeleton?

Answer 6

Structure
Motility
Cell division
Transport of molecules

Question 7

Functions of flagellum & cilia?

Answer 7

1) motility of cell

2) intracellular communication & signaling

Question 8

Functions of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)? (Smooth & rough)

Answer 8

Protein modification: quality control of protein folding

Lipid synthesis, quality control of lipid formation

Question 9

Diseases associated w/ER?

Answer 9

Parkinson’s: dopamine not produced ➡️ cell system compromised

Alzheimer’s: quality control system dysfunctional

Question 10

Function of Golgi apparatus?

Answer 10

Packaging of proteins for transport from cell

Protein modification, glycoprotein, lipid

Question 11

Function of lysosomes?

Answer 11

Digests cellular components & pathogens (via hydrolytic enzymes ➡️ fxn at acidic, optimal pH)

Question 12

Functions of peroxisomes?

Answer 12

1) Contain detoxifying enzymes: catalase, urate oxidase, D-a.a. oxidase)
2) LCFA degradation

Question 13

Diseases associated with peroxisomes?

Answer 13

Adrenoleukodystrophy: breakdown LCFAs of myelin sheath
Zellweger’s syndrome: formation of peroxisomes affected
Refsum’s disease

Question 14

System used for intracellular proteolysis? Drug which inhibits it?

Answer 14

Ubiquitin-proteosome system

Bortezomib

Question 15

Function of mitochondria?

Answer 15

Supply energy (ATP) for cellular metabolic activities

Question 16

Processes mitochondria involved in?

Answer 16

Respiratory chain
TCA cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation
Beta-oxidation
Heme biosynthesis 
Urea formation
Imitation of apoptosis

Question 17

Two processes mitochondria engage in to function? Protein involved?

What disorders associated with?

Answer 17

Fission: involves dynamic-related protein (DRP1)
Fusion

microcephaly
metabolic abnormalities

Question 18

What type of DNA do mitochondria have? Type of inheritance?

Associated diseases?

Answer 18

Circular DNA

Maternal inheritance

Mitochondriopathies

Question 19

Components of nucleus?

Answer 19

Chromosomes in double membrane w/nuclear pores

Question 20

Function of nucleus?

Answer 20

Control cell development & chemical activities

Question 21

Function of nucleolus?

Answer 21

Ribosomal RNA synthesis

Question 22

Nucleus: mRNA processing, 3 steps?

Answer 22

1) Capping: G cap
2) Splicing: Remove introns
3) Poly-A tail at 3’ end: lengthen lifespan of mRNA

Question 23

Function of telomeres?

Enzyme which extends them?

Answer 23

Provide protection to stabilize DNA during replication

telomerase

Question 24

Disease associated with telomeres?

Answer 24

Dyskeratosis congenita

Question 25

Function of intracytoplasmic lipid droplets? Organized by what protein?

Answer 25

Sites of triacylglycerol & cholesterol esters

Perilipins

Question 26

Function of stem cells?

Answer 26

Self-renewal ➡️ develop into multiple types of cells, proliferate indefinitely