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Patho Exam 3 > CH 13: Endocrine System > Flashcards

CH 13: Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

The endocrine gland is made up of numerous glands that secrete:

A

hormones directly into the bloodstream

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2
Q

master gland consisting of anterior and posterior lobes with a section between called the pars intermedia.

A

pituitary gland

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3
Q

chemicals which affect the growth and/or function of other target tissues or organs

A

hormones

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4
Q

regulatory functions of hormones

A

metabolism
growth and development
muscle and fat distribution
fluid and electrolyte balance
sexual development
reproduction
stress response

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5
Q

control reproductive organ development, sperm production (testosterone), and secondary sec characteristics and growth

A

androgens (testes)

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6
Q

stimulates release of hormone from the adrenal cortex (ADH and cortisol)

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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7
Q

promotes water reabsorption (retention of fluids)

A

ADH/vasopressin (hypothalamus/post pit)

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8
Q

transmits neural impulses

A

epi and norepi (adrenal medulla)

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9
Q

stimulates glycogen breakdown in the liver to increase glucose in the blood

A

glucagon

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10
Q

affects metabolism of all nutrients; regulates blood glucose levels; has anti-inflammatory properties

A

glucocorticoids (cortisol)

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11
Q

stimulates growth, protein synthesis, and fat metabolism; inhibits carb metabolism

A

growth hormone

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12
Q

facilitates growth transport into muscles, adipose, or liver cells to use for energy and growth

A

insulin

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13
Q

stimulates release of oocytes and production of estrogen and progesterone; stimulates secretion of testosterone

A

luteinizing hormone

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14
Q

affects circadian rhythm, inhibits reproductive functions, protects against free radical damage

A

melatonin

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15
Q

stimulates contraction of the uterus during labor and milk release from breasts after childbirth

A

oxytocin

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16
Q

regulates calcium levels in the blood

A

parathyroid hormone

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17
Q

affects menstrual cycles; increase thickness of uterine wall; supports/ maintains pregnancy

A

progesterone

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18
Q

increase metabolic rate; needed for fetal and infant growth and development

A

thyroid hormone

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19
Q

endocrine glands

A

pancreas
thyroid

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20
Q

synthesize and release hormones

A

neurons

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21
Q

Neurotransmitter act ___ vs endocrine take ____

A

quickly vs hours to days

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22
Q

endocrine system chemical mediators

A

cytokines
leukotrienes
prostaglandins

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23
Q

important control center for many hormones

A

hypothalamic-pituitary axis

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24
Q

hormones exhibit predictable patterns of:

A

secretion, metabolism, and elimination

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25
Q

hormone two primary functions

A
  1. act on target tissues to achieve an effect
  2. act on glands to produce another hormone
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26
Q

triggers to the hypothalamus or pit gland to initiate hormone release

A

feedback mechanism

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27
Q

negative feedback (most common) description

A

internal thermostat. When the temperature gets too hot, the thermostat shuts down the heat source; when the temperature is too cool, the furnace is activated to release heat.

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28
Q

what happens with negative feedback when hormone levels rise above the expected range

A

the stimulation, production, or secretion of hormones is decreased.

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29
Q

effectors of hormones to the receptors

A

genetics
hormone levels
body fluid pH

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30
Q

factors affecting response to stressors

A

age
experience
general health
type of stressor
persistence of stressor
perception of stressor
social support
genetic influence

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31
Q

coordinates the actions of the autonomic nervous system, cerebral cortex, limbic system, and hypothalamus,

A

brainstem

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32
Q

produced so the body can quickly defend against stressor

A

epi and norepi

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33
Q

autonomic nervous system response to stress

A

HR, BP and RR increase
pupils dilate
sweating
gastric function decreased
altered blood flow
decreased oxygenation

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34
Q

prolonged cortisol exposure may result in

A

stress ulcers

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35
Q

regulates cognitive activities such as intense focus, planning, attention, and persistence

A

cerebral cortex

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36
Q

regulates emotions such as fear, anxiety, anger, and excitement

A

limbic system

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37
Q

intensifies sensory input related to the stressor such as vision, hearing, and smell

A

thalamus

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38
Q

release hormones to initiate the neuroendocrine response ;acts on ANS

A

hypothalamus

39
Q

increases alertness and muscle tension and contributes to stimulation of ANS

A

reticular activating system

40
Q

stress stimulates the release of

A

CRH and ultimate cortisol

41
Q

cortisol actions

A

increased metabolism
regulates blood glucose for energy

42
Q

catecholemines release action

A

heart rate increases
blood pressure increases
respiratory rate increases
person becomes much more alert
skeletal muscles also become activated for a rapid escape
Blood is shunted away from the skin and stomach. So, the person will look pale or ashen and digestion is decreased.

43
Q

term used to describe this neuroendocrine response to a stressor and the corresponding physiologic changes.

A

General adaptation syndrom

44
Q

three major stages of general adaptation syndrome

A

(1) the alarm stage
(2) the resistance stage
(3) the exhaustion stage.

45
Q

alarm stage of general adaptation syndrome

A

fight or flight
short term
returns to normal after stress
Catecholamines and cortisol released results is the body breaking down proteins, releasing lipids, and increasing circulating glucose.

46
Q

resistance stage of general adaptation syndrome

A

result from persistent stress
Cortisol levels decrease – normally if stress continues hypercoritolism develops

47
Q

exhausts inflammatory and immune response proteins and tissues begin to break down, and glucose tolerance develops

A

hypercortisolism

48
Q

exhaustion stage of general adaptation syndrome

A

overwhelming stress
Energy depletion
Breakdown of cells, tissue and organs
Poor health

49
Q

diagnosis of altered hormone function

A

hormone test of blood and urine
CT
MRI
genetic testing

50
Q

condition of excessive production and release of ADH despite changes in serum osmolality and blood volume.

A

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)

51
Q

high levels of ADH stimulate

A

water retention

52
Q

low levels of AHD trigger

A

water loss through urination

53
Q

most common cause of SIADH

A

tumor - paraneoplastic syndrome - lung cancer

54
Q

symptoms of SIADH

A

oEdema UNCOMMON
oHyponatremia
oHypotonicity (plasma osmolality less than 280mOsm/kg)
oDecreased urine volume
oHighly concentrated urine with a high sodium content
oAbsence of renal, adrenal, or thyroid abnormalities

55
Q

SIADH = ___ ADH
DI = ______ ADH

A

S = too much
DI = insufficient

56
Q

inability of the body to retain water

A

DI

57
Q

cause of DI

A

o Insufficient production of ADH by the hypothalamus or ineffective secretion by the posterior pituitary.
o Inadequate kidney response to the presence of ADH, also called nephrogenic DI. The collecting duct is unresponsive.
o Ingestion of extremely large volumes of fluids and decreasing ADH levels; water intoxication can sometimes be attributed to a psychiatric disturbance.

58
Q

nephrogenic DI can be observed in those with:

A

chronic renal insufficiency
lithium (a drug used to treat manic-depressive disorder) toxicity
hypercalcemia
hypokalemia
with disease of the renal tubules.

59
Q

DI symptoms

A

oPolyuria
oPolydipsia
oUrine low specific gravity
oSevere dehydration

60
Q

excessive thyroid hormone

A

hyperthyroidism

61
Q

causes of hyperthyroidism

A

oresult from excessive stimulation to the thyroid gland,
odiseases of the thyroid gland, or
oexcess production of TSH by a pituitary adenoma.
oCertain medications containing large amounts of iodine, such as cough expectorants, health food supplements that contain seaweed, and iodinated contrast dyes, can induce hyperthyroidism in thyroid-sensitive individuals.

62
Q

elevated TSH indicates ___
decreased TSH indicates ___

A

hypothyroidism
hyperthyroidism

63
Q

Functions of thyroid hormone

A

influences stimulating metabolism
facilitating the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats for energy
stimulating heat and glucose production
producing structural proteins, enzymes, and other hormones
promoting growth and development in children.

64
Q

thyroid hormone release leads to:

A

o Increased glucose absorption
o Release of lipids from adipose tissue
o Metabolism of proteins from muscle tissue
o Increased cholesterol breakdown in the liver
o Increased production of metabolic byproducts
o Increased oxygen consumption
o Increased body heat production
o Increased cardiac output
o Increased gastric motility
o Increased muscle tone and reactivity
o Increased cognitive processes

65
Q

most common cause of hyperthyroidism

A

graves disease (autoimmune)

66
Q

clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism

A

o Goiter
o Increased metabolic rate
o Weight loss
o Agitation
o Restlessness, sweating,
o Heat intolerance
o Exophthalmos

67
Q

diagnosis of hyperthyroidism

A

o History and physical
o Manifestations
o Low TSH
o high T3 and T4

68
Q

causes of hypothyroidism

A
  • Autoimmunity
  • Iodine deficiency
  • Medications
69
Q

clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism

A

o Fatigue
o Cold intolerance
o Weakness
o Weight gain
o Dry skin
o Coarse hair
o Constipation (one of first clues)
o Lethargy
o Impaired memory
o Myxedema – swelling of skin and tissues

70
Q

diagnosis of hypothyroidism

A

o History and physical
o Manifestations above
o HighTSH
o low T3 and T4

71
Q

condition of prolonged exposure to elevated levels of either endogenous (from the adrenal cortex or cortisol-producing tumors) or exogenous glucocorticoids (as when taking glucocorticoid drugs).

A

cushing syndrome

72
Q

function of glucocorticoids (cortisol)

A

oStimulate glucose production
oDecrease tissue glucose utilization
oIncrease breakdown and circulation of plasma proteins
oIncrease fat mobilization
oPrevent the release of chemical mediators that trigger the inflammatory response
oDecrease capillary permeability and inhibit edema formation
oInhibit the immune response
oInhibit bone formation
oStimulate gastric acid secretions
oContribute to emotional behavior
oContribute to an effective stress response

73
Q

causes of cushing syndrome

A

long term use of corticosteroids
tumors

74
Q

clinical manifestations of Cushing’s Syndrome

A

*obesity of the trunk, face, and upper back.
*Obesity of the face and posterior neck and back (“moon face” and “buffalo hump”)
*Striae, or stretch marks, can develop from central obesity.
*extremity weakness and muscle wasting.
*The skin becomes atrophic and thin.
*Bones exhibit osteoporosis.
*increased infections, skin ulcerations, and poor wound healing.
*Glucose intolerance, from excess circulating glucose and loss of tissue utilization, can lead to diabetes mellitus.
*Changes in behavior can range from euphoria to minor emotional disturbances to psychosis.
*Hirtsutism = development of excessive body and facial hair

75
Q

diagnosis of Cushing’s

A

24 hour urine collection
(cortisol spillage)

76
Q

considered one of the most serious endocrine disorders because it can lead to severe hypotension, shock, and death.

A

acute ACTH deficiency

77
Q

occurs as a result of insufficient production of cortisol and aldosterone from the adrenal cortex.

A

addisons disease

78
Q

most common cause of addisons disease

A

Autoimmune destruction of the layers of the adrenal cortex

79
Q

clinical manifestations of addisons disease if glucocorticoids are deficient

A

hypoglycemia
weakness
poor stress response
fatigue
anorexia
nausea
vomiting
weight loss
personality changes

80
Q

clinical manifestations of addisons disease if mineralocorticoids are deficient

A

dehydration
hyponatremia
hyperkalemia
hypotension
weakness
fatigue
shock

81
Q

clinical manifestations of addisons disease if androgens are deficient

A

sparse axillary and pubic hair

82
Q

diagnosis of addisons disease

A

electrolyte levels (hyponatremia and hyperkalemia)
serum corticosteroid levels

83
Q

neurotransmitter of the endocrine system

A

epi
norepi
dopamine
serotonin

84
Q

paraneoplastic syndrome

A

tumor diagnosis from finding of extra secretion of a certain hormone

85
Q

posterior pituitary glands

A

ADH
oxytocin

86
Q

anterior pituitary glands

A

FSH and LH
TSH
ACTH
Prolactin
GH

87
Q

receptor binding

A

*Receptor binding allows for selectivity and specificity
*The number of receptors on a cell affects the amount of response
*Affinity or attraction for the hormone to the receptor can be reduced
*genetics, hormone levels, and body fluid pH affect the affinity of hormones to receptors.

88
Q

stress

A

body’s reaction to harmful forces (stressors) capable of disturbing homeostasis.

89
Q

An inadequate or even excessive response to stress can result in

A

destruction of body tissues.

90
Q

adrenal cortex increased cortisol

A

alteration in glucose, fat, protein metabolism
suppression of inflammatory and immune response

91
Q

autonomic nervous system response to stress

A

increased HR and BP
pupil dilation
dry mouth
increased sweating
increased coagulability

92
Q

immune system response to stress

A

decreased resistance to inection
alterations in immune response

93
Q

adrenal hormones from adrenal medulla

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

94
Q

adrenal cortex steroid hormones

A

mineralocorticoids
glucocorticoids
sex hormone

Patho Exam 3 (3 decks)

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