CH 13: Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

The endocrine gland is made up of numerous glands that secrete:

A

hormones directly into the bloodstream

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2
Q

master gland consisting of anterior and posterior lobes with a section between called the pars intermedia.

A

pituitary gland

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3
Q

chemicals which affect the growth and/or function of other target tissues or organs

A

hormones

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4
Q

regulatory functions of hormones

A

metabolism
growth and development
muscle and fat distribution
fluid and electrolyte balance
sexual development
reproduction
stress response

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5
Q

control reproductive organ development, sperm production (testosterone), and secondary sec characteristics and growth

A

androgens (testes)

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6
Q

stimulates release of hormone from the adrenal cortex (ADH and cortisol)

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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7
Q

promotes water reabsorption (retention of fluids)

A

ADH/vasopressin (hypothalamus/post pit)

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8
Q

transmits neural impulses

A

epi and norepi (adrenal medulla)

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9
Q

stimulates glycogen breakdown in the liver to increase glucose in the blood

A

glucagon

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10
Q

affects metabolism of all nutrients; regulates blood glucose levels; has anti-inflammatory properties

A

glucocorticoids (cortisol)

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11
Q

stimulates growth, protein synthesis, and fat metabolism; inhibits carb metabolism

A

growth hormone

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12
Q

facilitates growth transport into muscles, adipose, or liver cells to use for energy and growth

A

insulin

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13
Q

stimulates release of oocytes and production of estrogen and progesterone; stimulates secretion of testosterone

A

luteinizing hormone

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14
Q

affects circadian rhythm, inhibits reproductive functions, protects against free radical damage

A

melatonin

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15
Q

stimulates contraction of the uterus during labor and milk release from breasts after childbirth

A

oxytocin

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16
Q

regulates calcium levels in the blood

A

parathyroid hormone

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17
Q

affects menstrual cycles; increase thickness of uterine wall; supports/ maintains pregnancy

A

progesterone

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18
Q

increase metabolic rate; needed for fetal and infant growth and development

A

thyroid hormone

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19
Q

endocrine glands

A

pancreas
thyroid

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20
Q

synthesize and release hormones

A

neurons

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21
Q

Neurotransmitter act ___ vs endocrine take ____

A

quickly vs hours to days

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22
Q

endocrine system chemical mediators

A

cytokines
leukotrienes
prostaglandins

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23
Q

important control center for many hormones

A

hypothalamic-pituitary axis

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24
Q

hormones exhibit predictable patterns of:

A

secretion, metabolism, and elimination

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25
hormone two primary functions
1. act on target tissues to achieve an effect 2. act on glands to produce another hormone
26
triggers to the hypothalamus or pit gland to initiate hormone release
feedback mechanism
27
negative feedback (most common) description
internal thermostat. When the temperature gets too hot, the thermostat shuts down the heat source; when the temperature is too cool, the furnace is activated to release heat.
28
what happens with negative feedback when hormone levels rise above the expected range
the stimulation, production, or secretion of hormones is decreased.
29
effectors of hormones to the receptors
genetics hormone levels body fluid pH
30
factors affecting response to stressors
age experience general health type of stressor persistence of stressor perception of stressor social support genetic influence
31
coordinates the actions of the autonomic nervous system, cerebral cortex, limbic system, and hypothalamus,
brainstem
32
produced so the body can quickly defend against stressor
epi and norepi
33
autonomic nervous system response to stress
HR, BP and RR increase pupils dilate sweating gastric function decreased altered blood flow decreased oxygenation
34
prolonged cortisol exposure may result in
stress ulcers
35
regulates cognitive activities such as intense focus, planning, attention, and persistence
cerebral cortex
36
regulates emotions such as fear, anxiety, anger, and excitement
limbic system
37
intensifies sensory input related to the stressor such as vision, hearing, and smell
thalamus
38
release hormones to initiate the neuroendocrine response ;acts on ANS
hypothalamus
39
increases alertness and muscle tension and contributes to stimulation of ANS
reticular activating system
40
stress stimulates the release of
CRH and ultimate cortisol
41
cortisol actions
increased metabolism regulates blood glucose for energy
42
catecholemines release action
heart rate increases blood pressure increases respiratory rate increases person becomes much more alert skeletal muscles also become activated for a rapid escape Blood is shunted away from the skin and stomach. So, the person will look pale or ashen and digestion is decreased.
43
term used to describe this neuroendocrine response to a stressor and the corresponding physiologic changes.
General adaptation syndrom
44
three major stages of general adaptation syndrome
(1) the alarm stage (2) the resistance stage (3) the exhaustion stage.
45
alarm stage of general adaptation syndrome
fight or flight short term returns to normal after stress Catecholamines and cortisol released results is the body breaking down proteins, releasing lipids, and increasing circulating glucose.
46
resistance stage of general adaptation syndrome
result from persistent stress Cortisol levels decrease – normally if stress continues hypercoritolism develops
47
exhausts inflammatory and immune response proteins and tissues begin to break down, and glucose tolerance develops
hypercortisolism
48
exhaustion stage of general adaptation syndrome
overwhelming stress Energy depletion Breakdown of cells, tissue and organs Poor health
49
diagnosis of altered hormone function
hormone test of blood and urine CT MRI genetic testing
50
condition of excessive production and release of ADH despite changes in serum osmolality and blood volume.
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)
51
high levels of ADH stimulate
water retention
52
low levels of AHD trigger
water loss through urination
53
most common cause of SIADH
tumor - paraneoplastic syndrome - lung cancer
54
symptoms of SIADH
oEdema UNCOMMON oHyponatremia oHypotonicity (plasma osmolality less than 280mOsm/kg) oDecreased urine volume oHighly concentrated urine with a high sodium content oAbsence of renal, adrenal, or thyroid abnormalities
55
SIADH = ___ ADH DI = ______ ADH
S = too much DI = insufficient
56
inability of the body to retain water
DI
57
cause of DI
o Insufficient production of ADH by the hypothalamus or ineffective secretion by the posterior pituitary. o Inadequate kidney response to the presence of ADH, also called nephrogenic DI. The collecting duct is unresponsive. o Ingestion of extremely large volumes of fluids and decreasing ADH levels; water intoxication can sometimes be attributed to a psychiatric disturbance.
58
nephrogenic DI can be observed in those with:
chronic renal insufficiency lithium (a drug used to treat manic-depressive disorder) toxicity hypercalcemia hypokalemia with disease of the renal tubules.
59
DI symptoms
oPolyuria oPolydipsia oUrine low specific gravity oSevere dehydration
60
excessive thyroid hormone
hyperthyroidism
61
causes of hyperthyroidism
oresult from excessive stimulation to the thyroid gland, odiseases of the thyroid gland, or oexcess production of TSH by a pituitary adenoma. oCertain medications containing large amounts of iodine, such as cough expectorants, health food supplements that contain seaweed, and iodinated contrast dyes, can induce hyperthyroidism in thyroid-sensitive individuals.
62
elevated TSH indicates ___ decreased TSH indicates ___
hypothyroidism hyperthyroidism
63
Functions of thyroid hormone
influences stimulating metabolism facilitating the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats for energy stimulating heat and glucose production producing structural proteins, enzymes, and other hormones promoting growth and development in children.
64
thyroid hormone release leads to:
o Increased glucose absorption o Release of lipids from adipose tissue o Metabolism of proteins from muscle tissue o Increased cholesterol breakdown in the liver o Increased production of metabolic byproducts o Increased oxygen consumption o Increased body heat production o Increased cardiac output o Increased gastric motility o Increased muscle tone and reactivity o Increased cognitive processes
65
most common cause of hyperthyroidism
graves disease (autoimmune)
66
clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism
o Goiter o Increased metabolic rate o Weight loss o Agitation o Restlessness, sweating, o Heat intolerance o Exophthalmos
67
diagnosis of hyperthyroidism
o History and physical o Manifestations o Low TSH o high T3 and T4
68
causes of hypothyroidism
* Autoimmunity * Iodine deficiency * Medications
69
clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism
o Fatigue o Cold intolerance o Weakness o Weight gain o Dry skin o Coarse hair o Constipation (one of first clues) o Lethargy o Impaired memory o Myxedema – swelling of skin and tissues
70
diagnosis of hypothyroidism
o History and physical o Manifestations above o HighTSH o low T3 and T4
71
condition of prolonged exposure to elevated levels of either endogenous (from the adrenal cortex or cortisol-producing tumors) or exogenous glucocorticoids (as when taking glucocorticoid drugs).
cushing syndrome
72
function of glucocorticoids (cortisol)
oStimulate glucose production oDecrease tissue glucose utilization oIncrease breakdown and circulation of plasma proteins oIncrease fat mobilization oPrevent the release of chemical mediators that trigger the inflammatory response oDecrease capillary permeability and inhibit edema formation oInhibit the immune response oInhibit bone formation oStimulate gastric acid secretions oContribute to emotional behavior oContribute to an effective stress response
73
causes of cushing syndrome
long term use of corticosteroids tumors
74
clinical manifestations of Cushing's Syndrome
*obesity of the trunk, face, and upper back. *Obesity of the face and posterior neck and back (“moon face” and “buffalo hump”) *Striae, or stretch marks, can develop from central obesity. *extremity weakness and muscle wasting. *The skin becomes atrophic and thin. *Bones exhibit osteoporosis. *increased infections, skin ulcerations, and poor wound healing. *Glucose intolerance, from excess circulating glucose and loss of tissue utilization, can lead to diabetes mellitus. *Changes in behavior can range from euphoria to minor emotional disturbances to psychosis. *Hirtsutism = development of excessive body and facial hair
75
diagnosis of Cushing's
24 hour urine collection (cortisol spillage)
76
considered one of the most serious endocrine disorders because it can lead to severe hypotension, shock, and death.
acute ACTH deficiency
77
occurs as a result of insufficient production of cortisol and aldosterone from the adrenal cortex.
addisons disease
78
most common cause of addisons disease
Autoimmune destruction of the layers of the adrenal cortex
79
clinical manifestations of addisons disease if glucocorticoids are deficient
hypoglycemia weakness poor stress response fatigue anorexia nausea vomiting weight loss personality changes
80
clinical manifestations of addisons disease if mineralocorticoids are deficient
dehydration hyponatremia hyperkalemia hypotension weakness fatigue shock
81
clinical manifestations of addisons disease if androgens are deficient
sparse axillary and pubic hair
82
diagnosis of addisons disease
electrolyte levels (hyponatremia and hyperkalemia) serum corticosteroid levels
83
neurotransmitter of the endocrine system
epi norepi dopamine serotonin
84
paraneoplastic syndrome
tumor diagnosis from finding of extra secretion of a certain hormone
85
posterior pituitary glands
ADH oxytocin
86
anterior pituitary glands
FSH and LH TSH ACTH Prolactin GH
87
receptor binding
*Receptor binding allows for selectivity and specificity *The number of receptors on a cell affects the amount of response *Affinity or attraction for the hormone to the receptor can be reduced *genetics, hormone levels, and body fluid pH affect the affinity of hormones to receptors.
88
stress
body’s reaction to harmful forces (stressors) capable of disturbing homeostasis.
89
An inadequate or even excessive response to stress can result in
destruction of body tissues.
90
adrenal cortex increased cortisol
alteration in glucose, fat, protein metabolism suppression of inflammatory and immune response
91
autonomic nervous system response to stress
increased HR and BP pupil dilation dry mouth increased sweating increased coagulability
92
immune system response to stress
decreased resistance to inection alterations in immune response
93
adrenal hormones from adrenal medulla
epinephrine and norepinephrine
94
adrenal cortex steroid hormones
mineralocorticoids glucocorticoids sex hormone