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Micr: Exam 4 > Ch. 13 > Flashcards

Ch. 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Transient Microbiota

A

temporary visitor, eventually gets kicked out by immune system/microbial antagonism

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2
Q

Resident microbiota

A

Lives with host-normally found on/within body

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3
Q

How do infants initially acquire their microbiota?

A

vaginal canal during birth

body creates more glycogen in vaginal canal to feed GI microbes

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4
Q

Compare a C-section birth to a vaginal birth in regards to microbiota development

A

C-section births skip the vaginal canal’s microbes, therefore they do not develop the same microbiota

Vaginal births do not skip the microbes in the mother’s birth canal, therefore they develop a microbiota that will thrive off the glycogen

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5
Q

Explain the differences between breast-fed and formula fed infants

A

Breast milk: bifidobacteria: a sugar that nourishes microbes in GI tract of baby- fermentation of bifidobacteria lowers pH

(Human Milk Oligosaccharides)

formula lacks bifidobacteria- different microbiota

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6
Q

What organisms are common on the skin?

A

Corynebacterim
Propionibacterium
Staphylococcus

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7
Q

What bacteria are common in the oral cavity?

A

Streptococcus
Neisseria

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8
Q

What microbes are common in the large intestine and rectum?

A

Bacteriodes
Bifidobacterium
Clostridium
Coli forms

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9
Q

What microbes are common in the genital tract?

A

Lactobacillus
Escherichia

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10
Q

What microbe is common in the urinary tract?

A

lactobacillus

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11
Q

Is the distribution of bacteria evenly distributed across the skin?

A

No- moisture differences, resident vs. transient microbes

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12
Q

List 3 mechanisms that normal microbiota use to resist pathogens?

A

Microbial Antagonism
Biofilms
Ammensalism
Food consumption

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13
Q

List 3 mechanisms that normal microbiota use to resist pathogens?

A

Microbial Antagonism
Ammensalism
Food competition

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14
Q

What are three factors that contribute to changes in the microbiome during puberty

A
  1. After puberty, females produce more estrogen and have a lower pH due to glycogen deposition in the vagina- lactobacilli thrive and produce an acidic environment

3.

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15
Q

How does the human microbiome contribute to maintaining homeostasis?

A
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16
Q

Dysbiosis

A

any change in the microbiota that contributes to disease or illness

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17
Q

provide two examples of dysbiosis related to antimicrobial therapy

A
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18
Q

Where would acidophilic microbes thrive on a host?

A

Vaginal canal, stomach

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19
Q

Where would anaerobic microbes thrive in a host?

A

not GI tract or respiratory tract: areas without much oxygen

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20
Q

Where would microbes that ferment lactic acid thrive on a host?

A

skeletal muscle and red blood cells

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21
Q

Where would halophilic microbes thrive on a host?

A

Skin
Tears
Urine

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22
Q

Are microbial relationships fixed? (stay the same)

A
23
Q

Pathogen

A

an organism capable of causing disease

24
Q

True vs. Opportunistic pathogens

A

True Pathogens: capable of causing disease in healthy people with normal immune defenses

Opportunistic Pathogens: Require a weakness in the immune system/a barrier to cause disease

25
Q

Zoonoses

A

An infectious disease indigenous to animals that humans can acquire through direct or indirect contact with infected animals

26
Q

Pathogenicity

A

the capability of a microbe to cause a disease

27
Q

Virulence

A

severity of disease associated with a particular pathogen

28
Q

Virulence factor

A

mechanisms used by pathogens that support or enhance it’s ability to cause disease

29
Q

Infection

A

The entry, establishment,and multiplication of pathogenic organisms within a host

30
Q

Infectious Disease

A

The state of damage or toxicity in the body caused by an infectious agent

31
Q

Endogenous Pathogen

A

originating or produced within an organism or one of its parts

32
Q

Exogenous pathogen

A

originating from outside the body

33
Q

Describe the 4 steps in an infectious disease

A
  1. Incubation: initial contact to the appearance of symptoms
  2. Prodromal: early, vague discomfort symptoms
  3. Period of Invasion: high multiplication, greatest toxicity, well established
  4. Convalescence: recovery during and following immune response
34
Q

Is the infectious dose the same for every person?

A

No: different immune systems, age, health, gender, environments, etc.

35
Q

What are the major portals of entry for pathogens?

A

skin
respiratory tract
urogenital tract

36
Q

Why are adherence or colonization factors often considered virulence factors?

A

Adhesion is necessary for establishment
Colonization is necessary for establishment

37
Q

Describe mechanisms used by bacteria to promote infection

A
38
Q

Explain the difference between endotoxins and exotoxins

A

Endotoxin: LPS- lipid A portion
Exotoxins: anything secreted, diverse

39
Q

How does an AB toxin work?

A

B: Binds to a cell
A: Action: disrupts a normal cell function

40
Q

What is a superantigen?

A

Proteins produced by antigens that force a T-helper cell overreaction

toxic shock syndrome

41
Q

What are the modes of transmission used by bacteria?

A

Contact, respiratory droplets, fomites, vectors, fecal matter, etc

42
Q

Define prevalence

A

The total number of existing cases in the entire population

43
Q

Define incidence

A

The number of new cases over a certain time period, compared to the healthy population

44
Q

Define Mortality

A

Number of people who have died to the disease

45
Q

Define Morbidity

A

Number of people with the disease

46
Q

Define Endemic

A

Disease with a steady frequency over a long period of time in a particular area

47
Q

Define Epidemic

A

Prevalence of disease increased beyond expectations

48
Q

Define Pandemic

A

Epidemic across continents

49
Q

Define Nosocomial

A

Healthcare-Acquired Infections (from pathogens in a hospital/care facility)

50
Q

Propagated outbreak

A

One person gives the infection to others - infectious diseases

51
Q

Common source outbreak

A

Single common contaminated source, like food

52
Q

Direct vs. Indirect trasmission

A

Direct: physical contact, respiratory, vertical (mother-child), biological vectors

Indirect: fomites, oral-fecal contamination, droplet nuclei, airborne microbes, aerosols

53
Q

Droplet Nuclei vs. Respiratory Transmission

A

Droplet Nuclei: dry airborne respiratory secretions like TB or Influenza

Respiratory Transmission: respiratory droplets, coughing, colds, chickenpox

54
Q

Define Aerosols

A

Airborne animal wastes or disturbed soils

Micr: Exam 4 (3 decks)

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