ch 13,14, & 15 Flashcards
the foundation on which the body rests
base of support
branch of physics that applies the laws of mechanics to living creatures, looks at action of forces on bodies at rest or motion
biomechanics
wider or farther apart the feet
wider base of support/ stable body
standing on one foot or tiptoe
narrow base of support / unstable body
hypothetical point at which all the mass appears to be concentrated , gravitational forces appear to act on the entire body from this specific point
center of gravity
humans center of gravity
sacral level two - slightly varies between males and females
heavy objects should be held ___ to the movers center of gravity
close
when the center of gravity moves beyond the boundaries of the base
instability
found in the limbs, have long white tendons
mobility muscles
found in the torso (latissimus dorsi, rectus abdominis) , provide abdomen support
stability muscles
muscle used for lifting
white mobility
muscles for support
postural
lift by bending or straightening
knees
BP drops when a patient stands to quickly or from lying to sitting position to quickly
orthostatic hypotension
center over gravity is over
base of stability
symptoms of orthostatic hypotension
dizziness , fainting, blurred vision, slurred speech, ringing in ears
types of wheelchair transfers
stand by assist, assisted standing pivot, two person lift, hydraulic lift
1st step in assessing your patient
determine patients strong/ weak side or both are equal
2nd step in assessing your patient
check for weight bearing restrictions, weakness, fall precautions, cognitive impairment
simple restraints
sponges / sandbags
complex restraints
mummy wrap , back board
builds harmony and accord between patients and / or physicians
rapport
respect and concern for the patient as a person
empathy
most effective means of reducing motion
communication
most common method of reducing patient motion, support patient and anatomy , reduces physical strain
positioning sponges
upright bucky bar for lateral chest , puts patient in position and provides stability
stability bar
used to help immobilize during difficult positions or where patient has to hold an extreme position, can be wrapped over patient to hold them in position
velcro straps
useful for positioning & immobilization , reduces voluntary motion , NOT radiolucent, cannot be used if they are within area of interest
sandbags
attached to table, used for positioning of the skull, not seen in practice for years
head clamps
most effective and simple restraint
sheet restraints
2 common upright restraints for peds
pigg O stat & pedia-powser pediatric positioning chair
greatest concern for geriatric patients
fear of falling
fowlers positioning
head above feet
what transfers can be used to move a patient from a wheelchair to an examination table
pivot, assisted standing, standby assist
toward which side should all transfers be initiated
patients strong side
if a patient arrives in a wheelchair and on a sling which type of transfer is indicated
hydraulic lift
how to increase base of support
standing with the legs apart
minimum # of people for a cart to table transfer when no moving devices are available
3
the pigg o stat is used for what examination
chest
an example of a spinal trauma immobilization device
backboard
most commonly used immobilization device
positioning sponge
key component to effective communication with a patient is
giving a detailed technical explanation of the examination
voluntary motion is under the control of the
patient
items clipped, fastened, or affixed to patients’ bodies to deliver substances, such as oxygen & medications
commonly attached medical equipment
biceps femoris, biceps brachii & gastrocnemius
mobility muscles
latissimus dorsi, abdominal group, erector spinae (red muscles)
stability muscles
body’s feedback loops are predominantly
negative loops
the patients “steady state” maintained by adaptive responses that primate healthy survival
patient homeostasis
mechanisms for homeostasis
blood pressure
heartbeat
body temperature
respiratory rate
electrolyte balance
5 routes for body temp
oral
axillary
tympanic
temporal
rectal - most accurate
noninvasive , objective data that reflect the patients immediate condition
vital signs
normal body temp
97.7-99.5 degrees fahrenheit
normal pulse for child
70-120 BPM
normal pulse for an adult
60-100 BPM
systolic blood pressure is
<120mm Hg
diastolic blood pressure is
<80mm Hg
term used to describe the body’s maintenance of heat production & loss
thermoregulation
normal respirations for an adult
12-20
normal respirations for a child
20-30
preferred route for temperature measurement
temporal
temperature below normal 97.7 degrees fahrenheit
hypothermia
oral temperature higher than 99.5
hyperthermia
assessment of heart as reflected in arterial walls throughout the body
pulse
ongoing assessment of hemoglobin O2 saturation of arterial blood and pulse rate
pulse oximeter
uses electrodes to monitor heart rate & rhythm/ monitors electrical activity of the heart and transforms that activity to pulse rate values and waveforms
electrocardiogram / EKG
heart rate greater than 100bpm
tachycardia
decrease in heart rate
bradycardia
during inspiration the diaphragm muscles move
downward
measured as number of breaths per minute
respirations
amount of air exchanged under normal conditions
tidal volume
when respiratory rate is greater than 20 breathes per min
tachypnea
decrease is respiratory rate
bradypnea
absence of spontaneous ventilation
apnea
difficult breathing unless sitting or standing erect
orthopnea
difficulty breathing
dyspnea
two pieces of equipment to take a blood pressure measurement
stethoscope & sphygmomanometer
BP is typically measured over which artery
brachial
release air in cuff until pressure in cuff matches
systolic pressure
blood pressure is measured in
millimeters of mercury (mm Hg)
normal BP in a healthy person
systolic/diastolic - 120/80
hypotension BP
below normal - less than 95/60
generally desired unless accompanied by clinical symptoms
hypertension BP
above normal - 140/90
increased workload in heart “silent killer”
the primary clinical indications for oxygen administration are to correct
hypoxemia & possible tissue hypoxia
