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Exercise Physiology > Ch. 13 > Flashcards

Ch. 13 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the principle of specificity?

A

Refers to the effect that exercise training is specific to the muscles involved in that activity, the fiber types recruited, the principal energy system involved, the velocity of contraction, and type of muscle contraction

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2
Q

What is maximal oxygen uptake?

A

Measure of the maximal capacity of the body to transport and use oxygen during dynamic exercise using large muscle groups

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3
Q

What are the three principles of training?

A
  1. Overload
  2. Specificity
  3. Reversibility
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4
Q

What is overload?

A

Principle that refers to the fact that an organ system or tissue must be exercised at a level beyond which it is accustomed in order to achieve a training adaptation

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5
Q

What is the principle of reversibility?

A

Refers to the fact that the fitness gains by exercising at an overload are quickly lost when training is stopped and overload is removed

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6
Q

What are typical variables that constitute the overload?

A
  • intensity, duration, and frequency of exercise
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7
Q

If a muscle is engaged in endurance exercise training, what are the primary adaptations?

A
  • increase in capillaries and mitochondria volume which increases the capacity of the muscle to produce energy aerobically
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8
Q

If muscle is engaged in heavy resistance training, what are the primary adaptations?

A
  • increase in quantity of contractile proteins
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9
Q

Extremely high VO2 max values possessed by elite female and male endurance athletes are the genetic gift of what?

A
  • large cardiovascular capacity

- high % of slow muscle fibers

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10
Q

About 50% of individuals VO2 max is determined by

A
  • genetics along with environmental influences
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11
Q

Endurance training programs that increase VO2 Max commonly involve?
Also what % intensity is it at?

A
  • continuous dynamic exercise using large muscle mass (running, cycling) for 20-60 mins per session
  • 3 or more times per week @ intensity >50% VO2 max
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12
Q

It. Is estimated that the heritability of training gains in VO2 max is approximately what %?

A

47%

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13
Q

In addition to genetic factors, what other 2 factors of endurance training have an important impact on the magnitude in training induced changes in VO2 max

A

Intensity and duration

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14
Q

The large increase in VO2 max with the 10 week training program was due to what?

A

Higher intensity, frequency, and duration of training

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15
Q

Endurance training programs increase that VO2 max involve

A
  • Large muscle mass in continuous activity for 20-60 mins per session
  • 3 or more times a week
  • intensity of 50-85% VO2 max
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16
Q

What 2 activities increase VO2

A

Endurance training programs and high intensity interval training

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17
Q

The largest training induced increases in VO2 max occur in those who are genetically gifted and referred to as what?

A

High responders

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18
Q

What is the calculation of oxygen consumption via fick’s equation?

A
  • VO2 max = maximal cardiac output x (maximal aVO2 difference)
  • product of systemic blood flow (cardiac output) and systemic oxygen extraction (arteriovenous oxygen difference)
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19
Q

What is A-VO2 difference?

A

A measure of how much oxygen is removed from arterial blood and used by tissues

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20
Q

Research reveals that in UNTRAINED subjects, relatively short duration of endurance training increases what?

A
  • VO2 max and maximal cardiac output but does NOT increase aVO2 difference
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21
Q

Studies review that a longer duration of training (32 months or more) increases VO2 max by increasing?

A
  • maximal cardiac output

- maximal a-VO2 difference

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22
Q

Following both short and long duration of endurance training, exercise induced increase in maximal cardiac output is ENTIRELY due to

A
  • increases in stroke volume because maximal heart rate remains constant or slightly decreases
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23
Q

What is stroke volume?

A
  • amount of blood ejected from the heart with each beat and is equal to the difference between EDV and ESV
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24
Q

Increase in resting stroke volume in endurance trained athletes is due to

A

Increased EDV at rest that results from increased stretch of myocardium because of the increased ventricular filling time associated with slower resting heart rate (bradycardia) that occurs following endurance training

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25
Q

What three factors can increase stroke volume?

A
  1. Increase in EDV (preload)
  2. Increased cardiac contractility
  3. Decrease in total peripheral resistance (after load)
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26
Q

3 factors that increases EDV

A
  1. Plasma volume increases
  2. Increase filling time and venous return
  3. Increase ventricular volume
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27
Q

Cardiac contractility refers to what?

A
  • strength of cardiac muscle contraction when fiber length (EDV), afterload (peripheral resistance), and heart rate remain constant
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28
Q

Afterload refers to what?

A

Peripheral resistance against which the ventricle is contracting as it tries to push blood into the aorta

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29
Q

All training induced increases in maximal cardiac output must come from what?

A

Increases in stroke volume

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30
Q

How does endurance training increase cardiac pumping?

A

Increases left ventricular twist mechanism resulting in increased stroke volume

31
Q

What does the increases in mitochondrial number following endurance training do?

A

Increases the muscle fibers ability to consume oxygen and also contribute to the expanded a-VO2 differences

32
Q

What makes mitochondrial number not a key factor limiting VO2 max?

A

Capacity of the mitochondria to use O2 exceeds the capability of the heart to deliver O2

33
Q

The increased capacity of the muscle to extract O2 following training is due to increase in

A
  1. Capillary density

2. Increase in mitochondrial volume

34
Q

Endurance training induced increases in VO2 max following many months of training are due to an elevation in both:

A
  • cardiac output and a-VO2 difference

- increase in a-VO2 difference is due to increased O2 extraction from the blood

35
Q

What does the enlarged capillary density in trained muscle do?

A

Accommodates the increase in muscle blood flow during maximal exercise, decreasing the diffusion distance to the mitochondria, and slows the rate of blood flow to allow more time for O2 diffusion from the capillary to muscle fiber

36
Q

What did Dr. Holloway and Dr. Saltin do?

A

Holloway: contributes to our understanding of the effects of endurance training on muscle and metabolism and how they affect endurance performance, heart disease, diabetes

Saltin: improved understanding of training induced changes in VO2 max and the regulation of fuel utilization in skeletal muscle during exercise

37
Q

Common endurance training induced changes include:

A
  • Increases in the percentage of slow muscle fibers
  • increased mitochondrial volume in fibers
  • added ability for muscle to metabolize fat, improved muscle antioxidant capacity
  • increased capillary density
38
Q

Why is afterload important?

A

It is important because when the heart contracts against a high peripheral resistance, stroke volume will be reduced

39
Q

What are some endurance training induced adaptations:

A
  1. More rapid transition from rest to steady state exercise
  2. Reduced reliance on the limited liver and muscle glycogen stores
  3. Numerous cardiovascular and thermoregulatory adaptations that assist in maintaining homeostasis
40
Q

Endurance training induced changes in fiber type how?

A
  • endurance training results in a shift in fast to slow muscle fiber type
  • slow myosin isoforms have lower myosin ATPase activity but are able to perform more work with less ATP utilization
  • this fast to slow shift in myosin isoform is important because it increases mechanical efficiency and can potential improve endurance
41
Q

The magnitude of exercise induced fiber type shift in endurance training is dependent upon

A

Intensity and duration of training sessions along with total years of endurance training

42
Q

Endurance training induced changes in capillarity how?

A
  • endurance training increases the capillary supply to skeletal muscle fibers of trained individuals
  • exercise induced capillarization in the skeletal muscle is advantageous because diffusion distances for oxygen and substrate delivery to muscle fibers is reduced
43
Q

Two sub populations of mitochondria exist in skeletal muscle:

A
  • one population results immediately beneath the sarcolemma (sub sarcolemma mitochondria)
  • second and larger group of mitochondria (80%) is dispersed around the contractile proteins (intermyofibrillar mitochondria)
44
Q

How does endurance training impact mitochondrial content in skeletal muscle fibers?

A
  • rapidly increase volume of both mitochondrial sub populations in active skeletal muscle fibers
  • mitochondrial volume can increase in muscle fibers within first 5 days of training
45
Q

Prolonged endurance training can increase muscle mitochondrial volume by? During which weeks?

A
  • increase muscle mitochondrial volume by 50-100% within the first 6 weeks of training
46
Q

What is the process in which the primary source of ATP during steady state phase of exercise is formed?

A
  1. At onset of exercise ATP is converted to ADP and P in muscle fibers to develop tension
  2. Increase in ADP [] in cytoplasm is immediate stimulus for ATP producing system to meet the ATP demands of cross bridges
  3. Phosphocreatine responds immediately to this ATP need, followed by glycolysis, and finally mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation
47
Q

Why is the steady state VO2 measured during a submaximal work test not affected by endurance training?

A

Mitochondria in working muscles are consuming the same numbers of O2 molecules per minute

48
Q

Since training results in an increase in size of mitochondria in muscle, the ATP producing chore handled by mitochondria differs between untrained nad trained skeletal muscles how?

A
  • supp
49
Q

Suppose an untrained muscle cell has only one small mitochondrion and a breakdown of 100 units of ATP per minute is needed for the muscle to consume 2.0 liters of O2 per minute to sustain a constant level of exercise

A
  • The breakdown of 100 units of ATP/ minute results in the formation of 100 units of ADP/minute in the cytosol of the fiber
  • after training, when the size of the mitochondria in the cell has doubled, the rate of ADP transportation into the mitochondria has also doubled
  • therefore, the ADP concentration in the cytosol increases only half as much because of the additional mitochondria present to take up ADP
50
Q

ADP [] in the cytosol increases only 1/2 as much because of the additional mitochondria present to take up ADP is important for 2 reasons:

A
  1. The lower ADP [] results in less phosphocreatine depletion because the reaction for this is:
    [ADP] + {PC] ——-> [ATP] + {C]
  2. The lower ADP [] in cell also results in less stimulation of glycolysis and therefore a reduced production of lactate and H+
51
Q

Collectively the reduced stimulation of glycolysis is due to lower ADP and higher PC [] following endurance training results in

A
  • Less reliance on anaerobic glycolysis to provide ATP at the onset of exercise
  • the net result is a lower oxygen deficit, less depetion of phosphocreatine, and reduction in lactate and H formation
52
Q

What is the primary fuel for the nervous system

A

Plasma glucose

53
Q

What are some training induced changes in muscle fuel utilization

A
  • endurance training results in decrease use of glucose as fuel and an increase in fat metabolism during prolonged submaximal exercise
  • these changes spare plasma glucose and increase the reliance on fat as a fuel source in skeletal muscle during exercise
54
Q

Dax

A
55
Q

Resistance training increaes muscular strength by changes in both

A

Nervous system and increase in muscle mass

56
Q

In training studies of short duration, what factors play a major role in n the gain in strength?

How about long duration?

A
  • neural adaptations related to learning, coordination, and ability to recruit primary muscles
  • an increase in muscle size plays major role ins strength development
57
Q

A significant portion of strength gains that occur with resistance training, is due to

A

Neural adaptation and NOT enlargement of muscles

58
Q

The neural adaptations that occur in response to resistance training result in an improved ability to

A

Recruit motor units, alter motor neuron firing rates, enhance motor unit synchronization, and result in removal of neural inhibition

59
Q

How does resistance training increase skeletal muscle size

A

By increasing their size of existing fibers (hypertrophy) or increasing their number of total fibers (hyperplasia) in muscle

60
Q

Hyperplasia

A
  • increasing the total number of muscle fibers within a specific muscle
  • most 90 to 95% of increase in muscle size following resistance training occurs due to an increase in muscle fiber size (hypertrophy) and NOT hyperplasia
61
Q

What is considered the primary means to increase muscle size during long term strength training?

A

Fiber hypertrophy

62
Q

There is evidence that with high intensity training, changes in muscle size can be detected within how many weeks?

A

3 weeks

63
Q

Weight training elicits a greater degree of hypertrophy in which type of fibers?

A

Type II fibers

64
Q

The resistance training induced increase in fiber cross sectional area results from an increase in

A 
Myofibbrillar proteins (actin and myosin) 
- increase in actin/myosin filaments in fiber occur due to addition of sarcomeres in parallel to existing sarcomere
65
Q

Strength training induced shifts in muscle fiber types appear to be less prominent than endurance training transformations because

A
  • all of the change in fiber type is a movement from type IIx to type IIa with no increase in type I fibers
66
Q

Whether resistance training improves muscle oxidative properties is dependent uptown

A

Duration of training period and volume of exercise performed

67
Q

Can resistance training improve muscle antioxidant enzyme activity?

A

Resistance training increased the activities of 2 important muscle antioxidant enzymes by almost 100%
- provides cellular protection against oxidative damage associated with free radicals

68
Q

Single bout of resistance exercise increases muscle protein synthesis by

A

50-150% within 1-4 hours following exercise in both trained and untarined individuals

69
Q

Why does exercise induced muscle hypertrophy typically occur more rapidly in untrained subjects?

A

Post exercise protein synthesis remains elevated for longer period time in untrained individual

70
Q

Exercise induced increase in muscle protein synthesis is largely due to

A

Increase in the amount of protein synthesized per molecule of mRNA rather than an increase in total mRNA
- increases efficiency of translation

71
Q

What is a major regulator of protein synthesis and muscle size?

A

MTOR

72
Q

2 signaling molecules that directly activate mTOR include

A

Phosphatic acid and Rheb (short for Rays homolog)

73
Q

What is tuberous sclerosis complex? (TSC2)

A

Molecule that inhibits activation of mTOR

Exercise Physiology (9 decks)

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