Ch 12: The Renaissance Flashcards

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1
Q

Where did the renaissance begin?

A

Florence, Italy

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2
Q

WHY was Florence the birthplace of the renaissance?

A

-Trade and prosperity

  • On the main road North of Rome which made it a commercial hub
  • Wealthy through trade
  • Became banking hub
  • Wealth allowed the people of Florence to become patrons of the arts
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3
Q

Why was the union between rural nobles and mercantile aristocracy in Renaissance Italy beneficial to both groups?

A

They both gained political power by creating an oligarchy. The groups became blended by marriage.

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4
Q

How was Italy rule during the renaissance?

A

Italy was not unified. It was a group of City States.

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5
Q

What were the 5 city states in Italy during the Renaissance?

A

Venice, Milan, Florence, Naples, and the Papal States

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6
Q

Who ruled the city state of Venice during the renaissance?

A

It was technically a Republic , but run by an oligarchy of merchant aristocrats

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7
Q

Who ruled the city state of Milan during the renaissance?

A

Milan was technically a Republic but was actually ruled by the (harsh) Signori Sforzi family.

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8
Q

Who ruled the city state of Florence during the renaissance?

A

Florence was technically a Republic. In reality it was ruled by the Medici banking family for 3 centuries

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9
Q

Who ruled the city state of Naples during the renaissance?

A

The King of Aragon.

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10
Q

Who ruled the city state of the Papal States during the renaissance?

A

Pope Alexander VI

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11
Q

What does “balance of power” mean in the context of the Italian City States?

A

Whenever one of the Italian city-states appeared to gain a more powerful position the other states work together against it to establish a balance of power

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12
Q

What type of modern diplomacy evolved out of the Italian City States?

A

Embassies with ambassadors.

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13
Q

Who was Girolamo Savonarola?

A

Girolamo Savonarola was a Franciscan Friar who preached in Florence that God would punish Italy for its moral vices and corrupt leadership.

Savonarola became the political and religious leader of Florence.

Laws against adultery, same sex relationships, drunkenness…

Bonfire of the vanities

Eventually burned at the stake and Medici family regained control

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14
Q

Who held bonfires of the vanities?

A

Girolamo Savonarola

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15
Q

A series of conflicts where Italian city states were invaded by foreign armies including France and the Holy Roman Empire

A

Hapsburg-Valois Wars

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16
Q

Who invaded Rome in 1527?

A

The Holy Roman Empire under the Emperor Charles V ( Hapsburg-Valois Wars)

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17
Q

Why were the Italian City States during the Renaissance not able to unify?

A

They had such strong individual identities and pride

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18
Q

How did the Italian City States not being unified make them vulnerable during the Renaissance?

A

They had no common foreign policy which made them vulnerable to invasion.

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19
Q

When did Italy unify?

A

Achieved unification in 1870

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20
Q

What is humanism?

A

It emphasizes the critical study of Latin and Greek literature with the goal of understanding human nature.

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21
Q

Where did humanism begin?

A

Italy

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22
Q

He thought that writers of his own day should follow ancient models and classical texts. He proposed a new kind of education was called studia humanities (followers called humanists)

A

Petrarch

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23
Q

Linked the downfall of the Latin language after the death of Cicero to the decline of the Roman Republic. Noted that the renaissance was a “new era”.

A

Leonardo Bruni

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24
Q

He separated the eras into 3: ancient, medieval, and modern.

A

Leonardo Bruni

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25
Q

Wrote 900 theses with an introduction called “On the Dignity of Man”

A

Giovanni Pico della Mirandola

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26
Q

Describe Giovanni Pico della Mirandola’s hierarchy of beings

A

hierarchy of beings” starting with God, then spiritual beings, and last material beings, “with humanity, right in the middle, as the crucial link that possessed both material and spiritual natures”.

27
Q

He wrote “novels, plays, legal treatises, a study of the family, and the first scientific analysis of perspective; he designed churches, palaces, and fortifications effective against cannon; he invented codes for sending mes- sages secretly and a machine that could cipher and de- cipher them”.

A

Leon Battista Alberti

28
Q

How did Humanism change views on education?

A

Their recommended study of the classics would provide essential skills for future politicians, diplomats, lawyers, military leaders, and businessmen, as well as writers and artists. A MORE BROAD EDUCATION

29
Q

How did Humanism impact thought on the role of women?

A

Negatively. woman. “Many saw the value of exposing women to classical models of moral behavior and reasoning, but they also wondered whether a program of study that emphasized eloquence and action was proper for women, whose sphere was generally understood to be private and domestic”

30
Q

Who wrote The Courtier (1528)?

A

Baldassare Castiglione

31
Q

How did Baldassare Castiglione’s The Courtier (1528) influence educational thinking?

A

It’s goal was to “train, discipline, and fashion the young man into the courtly ideal, or a gentleman”. (idealized “a man who could compose a sonnet, wrestle, sing a song while accompanying himself on an instrument, ride expertly, solve difficult mathematical problems, and, above all, speak and write eloquently”) Kind of like a Renaissance etiquette guide.

32
Q

What qualities did humanists want in a ruler?

A

A ruler that was just, wise, pious, dignified, learned, brave, kind, and distinguished

33
Q

According to Machiavelli’s The Prince (1513), How should a ruler rule?

A

Preserve order and security. A ruler should use whatever means he needs— brutality, lying, manipulation—but should not do anything that would make the populace turn against him.

34
Q

What did the church think of Machiavelli’s The Prince?

A

A threat to faith in god so they banished the book

35
Q

What did the scholars think of Machiavelli’s The Prince?

A

As the first modern guide to politics

36
Q

Describe the philosophy of a Christian Humanist.

A

An emphasis on inner spirituality and personal morality rather than Scholastic theology or outward
observances. Christian humanism regards humanist principles like universal human dignity, individual freedom and the importance of happiness as essential and principal components of the teachings of Jesus.

37
Q

Name two Christian Humanists

A

Sir Thomas More and Desiderius Erasmus

38
Q

Which Christian humanist wrote Utopia?

A

Sir Thomas More

39
Q

What did the Christian Humanist Desiderius Erasmus write?

A

The Education of a Christian Prince & The Praise of Folly

40
Q

Who invented the printing press in 1456?

A

Johan Gutenberg

41
Q

How did the printing press impact European society?

A

It gave a lot more people the opportunity to be able to learn how to read and write due to the fact that so many more books could be published and printed.

42
Q

What and/or who allowed artists to flourish in the Italian city-states?

A

Wealthy individuals and rulers sponsored works of art which gives the artists a lot of opportunities to make money. Lorenzo de’ Medici and his family actually spent hundreds of thousands of dollars on art

43
Q

How did artistic styles of the Renaissance differ from those of the middle ages?

A

Rather than religious themes, Renaissance portraits showed human ideals, often portrayed in the more realistic style

44
Q

Artist who led the way in the use of realism

A

Giotto

45
Q

Artist who revived the classical figure

A

Donatello

46
Q

Artist who studied the classical past for inspiration, build an architecturally beautiful hospital and orphanage

A

Filippo Brunelleschi

47
Q

Artists who pioneered perspective “the linear representation of distance and space on a flat surface,

A

Piero della Francesca & Andrea Mantegna

48
Q

How did Northern Renaissance art differ from Italian Renaissance art?

A

Art produced in northern Europe tended to be more religious in orientation than art produced in Italy. Northern art focused more on people and leisure activities.

49
Q

Who was considered an equal to Italian painters because of his use of great realism and very good attention to human personality

A

Jan van Eyck

50
Q

Discuss the role of women in Renaissance art.

A

Women created “minor” or “decorative” arts, embroidery

51
Q

Artist most famous for the statue “the David”, and painting the the dome for Saint Peter’s Basilica and the ceiling and altar wall of the nearby Sistine Chapel.

A

Michelangelo

52
Q

Artist who was commissioned for frescoes in the papal apartments, and became sought after in Europe

A

Raphael Sanzio

53
Q

What is Leonardo DaVinci known for?

A

The first “Renaissance man. Paintings, drawings, scientific experiments, study of anatomy. The Mona Lisa of course.

54
Q

How did Renaissance view of race differ from ours today?

A

Often used race, people, and nation interchangeably for ethnic, national, religious, or other groups. For example the French race, the Jewish nation, the Irish people, “the race of learned gentlemen.”

55
Q

Discuss the role of slaves in Renaissance Europe.

A

In Italy, Spain, and Portugal slaves supplemented the labor force in pretty much all occupations as servants, craftsmen, seamen on ships, and agricultural laborers.

56
Q

How did social class characteristics change during the Renaissance? How were people grouped?

A

The thought of hierarchy based on wealth was emerging.

57
Q

Discuss the debate about women that developed toward the end of the 14th century.

A

“critiques of women from both clerical and secular authors denounced females as devious, domineering, and demanding.”Multiple authors responded to that statement with a long list of famous and praiseworthy women exemplary for their loyalty, bravery, and morality.

58
Q

What 5 methods did 15th century rulers use to rebuild their governments?

A

Money – raised revenue, created taxes to build wealth

Created standing armies: securing borders, reducing violence

Reduced power of the church

Standing bureaucracy: establishing domestic order

Utilizing the middle class (merchants) that were not part of the feudal order, curbing unruly nobles

59
Q

In France, what agreement about church and state powers was reached between King Francis I and Pope Leo X?

A

Concordat of Bologna. King gets to pick religious leaders, but the pope gets their first year salary (kind of like a bribe)

60
Q

Who were the Leaders of France in the Renaissance?

A
Charles VII (r.1422-1461) & Louis XI “The Spider King”
(r. 1461-83)
61
Q

Who won the War of the Roses in Renaissance England?

House of York or Lancaster?

A

War of the Roses (1455-1477) brings House of York to

the English throne (The Tudors)

62
Q

Who was King in Renaissance England?

A

Henry VII (r. 1489-1509)

63
Q

What were features of Henry VII’s “Court of the Star Chamber” in in Renaissance England?

A
  • accused not entitled to see evidence against them;
  • sessions were secret
  • juries were not called
  • torture to get confessions