CH 12: Pathology Flashcards
auscultation
listening to sounds within the body
percussion
tapping on a surface to determine the difference in the density of the underlying structure
pleural rub
scratchy sound produced by pleural surfaces rubbing against each other
- means inflammation or cancer
rales (crackles)
fine crackling sounds heard on auscultation (during inhalation) when there is fluid in the alveoli
rhonchi/ rhonchus
loud rumbling sounds heard on auscultation of bronchi obstructed by sputum
sputum
material expelled from the bronchi, lungs, or upper respiratory tract by spitting
purulent
containing pus sputum often is green or brown
culture and sensitivity (C&S)
identifies the sputum pathogen and determine which antibiotics will be effective in destroying or reducing its growth
stridor
high pitch; strained, high pitched sound heard on inspiration caused by obstruction in the pharynx or larynx
wheezed
asthma; continuous high pitched whistling sounds producing during breathing
croup
acute viral infection of infants and children with obstruction of the larynx, barking cough, and stridor
- most common: respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
diphtheria
acute infection of the throat and upper respiratory tract caused by diphtheria bacterium / corynecaberium
- get DPT injections
epistaxis
bosebleed
pertussis
whipping cough; highly contagious bacterial infection of the pharynx, larynx, and trachea caused by bordetella pertussis
- paroxysmal: violent, sudden
asthma
chronic bronchial inflammatory disorder with airway obstruction due to bronchial edema and constriction and increased mucus production
bronchiectasis
chronic dilation of a bronchus secondary to infection
- purulent: pus containing
- palliative: noncurative
chronic bronchitis
ipersisting over a long time; type of chronic obstruction pulmonary disease (COPD)
cystic fibrosis (CF)
inherited disorder of exocrine glands resulting in thick mucous secretions in the respiratory tract that do no drain normally
atelectasis
collapsed lung; incomplete expansion of alveoli
emphysema
hyperinflation of air sacs with destruction of alveolar walls
- smoking
lung cancer
malignant tumor arising from the lungs and bronchi
- divided into 2 categories
1. non small cell lung cancer / NSCLC
2. small cell lung cancer / SCLC
NSCLC
90 percent of lung cancers. The two types:
1- adenocarcinoma
2. squamous cell carcinoma
SCLC
derived from small, round oat cells found in the pulmonary epithelium
pneymoconiosis
abnormal condition caused by dust in lungs, with chronic inflammation, infection, and bronchitis
1- anthracosis: coal, black lung
2- asbestosis: asbesstos
3- silicosis: silica (rocks or glass)
pneumonia
acute inflammation and infection of alveoli which fill with pus or products of the inflammatory reaction
- exudate (fluid, blood cells, debris) consolidates in the alveoli
pulmonary abscess
arge collection of pus/ bacterial infection in the lungs
pulmonary edema
fluid in the air sacs and bronchioles
pulmonary emolism (PE)
clot or other material lodges in vessels of the lung
- can lead to pulmonary infarction
pulmonary fibrosis
formation of scar tissue in the connective tissue of the lungs
sarcoidosis
chronic inflammatory disease in which small nodules / granulomas develop in ling, lymph nodes, and other organs
tuberculosis (TB)
infectious disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis; lungs usually are involved, but any organ in the body may be affected
mesothelioma
RARE malignant tumor arising in the pleura
- only one
- asbestos exposure
pleural effusion
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space/ cavity
pleurisy (pleuritis)
inflammation of the pleura
pneumothorax
collection of air in the pleural space
- tx: pleurodesis: put talc so that effusion doesn’t occur and it binds
chest x ray
radiographic image of the thoracic cavity. chest film
computed tomogaphy (CT) scan of the chest
computer generated series of x ray images show thoracic structure in cross section and other planes
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the chest
magnetic waves create detailed images of the chest in frontal, lateral, and cross sectional (axial) planes
positron emission tomography (PET) scan of the lung
radioactive glucose is injected and images reveal metabolic activity in the lungs
ventilation perfusion (V/Q) scan
detection device records radioactivity in the lungs after injection of a radioisotope or inhalation of small amount of radioactive gas (xenon)
bronchoscopy
fiberoptic endoscope examination of the bronchial tubes
endotracheal intubation
placement of a stub through the mouth into the pharynx, larynx, and trachea to establish an airway
laryngoscopy
visual examination of the voice box
lung biopsy
removal of lung tissue follow by microscopic examination
mediastinoscop
endoscopic visual examination of the mediastinum
pulmonary function tests (PFTs)
tests that measure the ventilation mechanics of the lungs (airway function, lung volume, and capacity of the lungs to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide efficiently
thoracentesis
surgical puncture to remove fluid from the pleural space
thoracotomy
large surgical incision of the chest
tracheostomy
surgical creation of an opening into the trachea through the neck
