CH 11: Pathology

Question 1

diastole

Answer 1

lower number; relaxation phase of the heartbeat

Question 2

systole

Answer 2

higher number; contraction phase of the heartbeat

Question 3

arrhythmias

Answer 3

abnormal heart rhythms (dysrhythmias)

Question 4

bradycardia and heart block (atrioventricular block)

Answer 4

failure of proper conduction of impulses from the SA node through the AV node to the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)

Question 5

pacemaker

Answer 5

treats delays and abnormalities in ventricular contractions (as in LBBB)

Question 6

flutter

Answer 6

RAPID but REGULAR contractions, usually in the atria

- nl: 60-100, here they are 300 beats per min

Question 7

fibrillation (A-fib)

Answer 7

very rapid, random, inefficient and irregular contractions of the heat
- 350 beats or more per minute

Question 8

congenital heart disease

Answer 8

abnormalities in the heart at birth

Question 9

coarctation of the aorta (CoA)

Answer 9

NARROWING (coarctation) of the aorta

Question 10

patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

Answer 10

passageway (ductus arteriosus) between the aorta and the pulmonary artery remains open (patent) after birth

• doesn’t close
• in utero being shunted from aorta to pulmonary

Question 11

septal defects *

Answer 11

small holes in the wall between the atria (atrial septal defects- ASP) or the ventricles (ventricular septal defects- VSP)

Question 12

congestive heart failure (CHF) *

Answer 12

heart is unable to pump its required amount of blood

Question 13

coronary artery disease (CAD)

Answer 13

disease of the arteries surrounding the heart

Question 14

ischemia

Answer 14

blood flow is decreased

Question 15

acute myocardial infarction

Answer 15

should be red, and if its recent then its yellow and any older it is grey, white

Question 16

endocarditis

Answer 16

inflammation of the INNER lining of the heart

Question 17

vegetations

Answer 17

bacterial endocarditis produces these lesions that resemble cauliflower

Question 18

emboli

Answer 18

material that travel through the blood

Question 19

petechiae

Answer 19

pinpoint hemorrhages

Question 20

mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

Answer 20

improper closure of the mitral valve

Question 21

murmur

Answer 21

extra heart sound, heard between normal beats

Question 22

bruit

Answer 22

abnormal sound or murmur heard on auscultation

Question 23

thrill

Answer 23

vibration felt on palpation of the chest, often accompanies a murmur

Question 24

pericarditis

Answer 24

inflammation of the membrane (pericardium) surrounding the heart

Question 25

rheumatic heart disease

Answer 25

heart disease caused by rheumatic fever

- can cause vegetations, mitral stenosis, atrial fibrillation, CHF

Question 26

aneurysm

Answer 26

local widening (dilation) of an arterial wall 
- triple A

Question 27

deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

Answer 27

blood clot (thrombus) forms in a large vein, usually in a lower limb

Question 28

pulmonary embolism

Answer 28

clot travels to the lung

Question 29

hypertension (HTN)

Answer 29

high blood pressure

• essential HTN: no identifiable cause
• secondary hypertension: increase in pressure caused by another associated lesion

Question 30

peripheral arterial disease (PAD)

Answer 30

blockage of arteries carrying blood to the legs, arms, kidneys and other organs

Question 31

varicose veins

Answer 31

abnormally swollen and twisted veins, usually occurring in the legs

Question 32

hemorrhoids

Answer 32

piles; varicose veins near the anus

Question 33

claudication

Answer 33

pain, tension, and weakness in a leg AFTER walking has begun, but absence of pain at
rest

Question 34

coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)

Answer 34

arteries and veins are anastomosed to coronary arteries to detour around
blockages

Question 35

defibrillation

Answer 35

brief discharges of electricity are applied across the chest to stop dysrhythmias (ventricular fibrillation)

Question 36

endarterectomy

Answer 36

surgical removal of PLAGUE from the INNER layer of the artery

Question 37

extracorporeal circulation

Answer 37

heart lung machine diverts blood from the heart and lungs while the heart is repaired
- outside body

Question 38

heart transplantation

Answer 38

a donor heart is transferred to a recipient