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Biology > Ch 12 Nutrition And Transport In Flowering Plants > Flashcards

Ch 12 Nutrition And Transport In Flowering Plants Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition of photosynthesis?

A
  1. Light energy absorbed by chlorophyll
  2. Light energy -> chemical energy
  3. Chemical energy used to synthesise glucose from water and CO2
  4. O2 released in the process
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2
Q

4 layers of the internal structure of a leaf? (Highest to lowest)

A
  1. Upper epidermis
  2. Palisade mesophyll
  3. Spongy mesophyll
  4. Lower epidermis
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3
Q

Which parts of the leaf contain chlorophyll?

A
  1. Palisade mesophyll
  2. Spongy mesophyll
  3. Guard cell
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4
Q

Which 2 layers of the leaf contain chlorophyll?

A
  1. Palisade mesophyll
  2. Spongy mesophyll
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5
Q

Which layer of the leaf contains the most chlorophyll?

A

Palisade mesophyll

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6
Q

Adaptation: Palisade mesophyll has numerous chloroplasts.
Function?

A

To trap as much light energy as possible to maximise rate of photosynthesis.

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7
Q

Adaptation: Palisade mesophyll cells are positioned with its longitudinal axis perpendicular to the upper epidermis.
Function?

A

So that more cells can be packed beneath the epidermis to absorb maximum light energy for photosynthesis.

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8
Q

Adaptation: There are numerous large intercellular air spaces in the spongy mesophyll layer
Function?

A

Allows higher rate of diffusion of CO2 into the leaf for higher rate of photosynthesis.

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9
Q

Adaptation: Thin film of moisture around palisade and spongy mesophyll cells
Function?

A

Allows CO2 to dissolve in it.

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10
Q

Adaptation: Numerous stomata on the lower epidermis.
Function?

A

Open in the presence of light for CO2 to diffuse in.

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11
Q

Adaptation: Veins containing xylem and phloem are located near to the mesophyll cells.
Function?

A

Xylem transports water to mesophyll cells.
Phloem transports sucrose away from the leaf.

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12
Q

Adaptation: No chloroplast in upper epidermal cells/upper epidermal cells are transparent.
Function?

A

To allow light rays to penetrate to reach the mesophyll cells for photosynthesis.

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13
Q

What happens to guard cells in sunlight?

A
  1. Carry out photosynthesis, produce glucose.
  2. WP decreases to be lower than surroundings.
  3. Water enters guard cell.
  4. Guard cells SWELL and become TURGID.
  5. Guard cells become CURVED stoma OPENS.
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14
Q

What happens to guard cells on a hot sunny day?

A
  1. Leaf loses too much water to the atmosphere?
  2. Guard cells become FLACCID. Stoma CLOSES.
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15
Q

How does carbon dioxide enter the leaf cells?

A
  1. CO2 diffuses into leaf through stomata.
  2. CO2 dissolves into thin film of moisture around the mesophyll cells.
  3. CO2 diffuses into cells.
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16
Q

How do the leaf cells receive water and mineral salts?

A
  1. Water and mineral salts are transported through the xylem vessels from the roots.
  2. They move from cell to cell through the mesophyll.
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17
Q

Function of xylem?

A
  1. Transport water and mineral salts up from roots to the rest of the plant.
  2. Provide mechanical support for the plant.
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18
Q

Adaptation of xylem: Hollow tube made of dead cells, w/o cross walls and protoplasm.
Function?

A

Reduce resistance to the flow of water and mineral salts through the xylem.

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19
Q

Adaptation of xylem: Lignin deposited on its inner walls.
Function?

A

All the xylem vessels together provide mechanical support for the plant.

20
Q

Function of phloem?

A

To transport sucrose and amino acids from the leaves to other parts of the plant.

21
Q

Adaptation of phloem: Sieve tube cells in the phloem have a thin layer of cytoplasm.
Function?

A

Allows for rapid flow of manufactured food substances through the sieve tube.

22
Q

Adaptations of the companion cell in the phloem?

A

Adaptation 1: Contains many mitochondria.
Provide energy through aerobic respiration, to load sugars from mesophyll cells into sieve tube cell by active transport.
Adaptation 2: Contains ribosomes.
Function: Synthesise proteins required by the sieve tube cell.

23
Q

Parts of the vascular bundle in the stem and their locations?

A

Outer: Phloem
Middle: Cambium
Inner: Xylem

24
Q

Which layer of the leaf is the vascular bundle in?

A

Spongy mesophyll layer.
*Xylem is nearer to the upper surface of the leaf.

25
Q

What is a limiting factor?

A

A factor that affects the rate of chemical reaction. The rate of chemical reaction cannot increase unless the value of the LF is increased.

26
Q

5 essential conditions for photosynthesis?

A
  1. Light
  2. CO2
  3. Chlorophyll
  4. Suitable temperature
  5. Water
27
Q

3 external factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A
  1. Light intensity
  2. CO2 concentration
  3. Temperature
28
Q

What happens to the glucose that is formed during photosynthesis?

A
  1. Used immediately
    OR
  2. Converted into starch and stored temporarily
29
Q

Translocation definition?

A

Translocation is the transport of sucrose and amino acids, from the leaves to other parts of the plant through the phloem.

30
Q

How does water enter a plant?

A
  1. The cell sap has a lower WP than the surroundings.
  2. Water moves into the root hair cell by osmosis, through the root hair cell’s PPM.
  3. Inner cell has a lower WP than the root hair cell.
  4. Water moves into the inner cell by osmosis through the inner cell’s PPM.
  5. Water moves from cell to cell by osmosis until it reaches the xylem vessels.
31
Q

How do root hair cells absorb ions or mineral salts?

A

DIFFUSION
1. Conc of ions in soil solution > cell sap
2. Ions diffuse down the conc gradient

ACTIVE TRANSPORT
1. Conc of ions in soil solution < cell sap
2. Ions are absorbed against the conc gradient

32
Q

Adaptation of root hair cell: Long and narrow protrusion.
Function?

A

Increases SA:V ratio to increase the rate of absorption of water and mineral salts by the root hair cell.

33
Q

Adaptation of root hair cell: Contains many mitochondria
Function?

A

Aerobic respiration in the mitochondria releases energy for active transport of ions into the cell.

34
Q

Adaptation of root hair cell: Presence of partially permeable root hair cell membrane
Function?

A

Prevents leakage of cell sap. Allows root hair cell to maintain lower WP than soil solution so that water can enter the root hair by osmosis.

35
Q

Transpiration definition?

A

Transpiration is the loss of water vapor from the aerial parts of a plant, mainly through the stomata of the leaves.

36
Q

Transpiration pull is…?

A

The suction force due to transpiration.

37
Q

Water movement inside the leaf during transpiration

A
  1. Water evaporates from the thin film of moisture (TFOM) around the mesophyll cells.
  2. Water vapour (WV) diffuses out into the atmosphere.
  3. More water moves out of the mesophyll cells.
  4. WP of cell sap in mesophyll cells decreases, becomes < WP of cell sap of neighbouring cells.
  5. Water is drawn from the cells deeper inside the leaf by osmosis.
  6. Water is eventually drawn from the xylem vessels, and this creates transpiration pull.
38
Q

What does a potometer do?

A

Measures the rate of water absorption by a plant.

39
Q

Is the rate of transpiration = rate of absorption of water by the plant?

A

No. Water is taken in by the plant for other cellular activities, thus not all water lost is in the form of water vapour by transpiration.

40
Q

4 factors that affect the rate of transpiration?

A
  1. Wind (blows away WV that diffuses out of a leaf)
  2. Temperature (temp ⬆️ = WV diffuses from the cell more quickly)
  3. Light (Guard cells become turgid, stomata open wider)
  4. Humidity (⬆️ humidity = ⬇️ rate of transpiration)
41
Q

Wilting advantages?

A
  1. Guard cells lose turgor pressure and become flaccid, stomata close, less WV can diffuse out, ⬇️ rate of transpiration
  2. Folding reduces SA of leaf exposed to sunlight, reduce exposure of stomata to atmosphere, reduce rate of WV loss through stomata, ⬇️ rate of transpiration
42
Q

Wilting disadvantages?

A
  1. Guard cells lose turgor pressure and become flaccid, stomata close, rate of diffusion of CO2 into leaf reduced, ⬇️ rate of photosynthesis.
  2. Folding of leaf, reduced SA exposed to sunlight, less light energy absorbed, ⬇️ rate of photosynthesis.
43
Q

What does the companion cell have that the sieve tube cells doesn’t?

A

Nucleus.

44
Q

Parts of the vascular bundle in the leaf and their locations?

A

Top: Xylem
Middle: Cambium
Bottom: Phloem

45
Q

Parts of the vascular bundle in the root and their locations?

A

Outer: Phloem (4 dots)
Middle: Cambium
Inner: Xylem (X-shape)

46
Q

Function of the cambium?

A

Contains undifferentiated cells that can divide into new phloem or xylem cells.

Biology (9 decks)

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