Ch. 12, Emotions/Motivation

Question 1

Emotions

Answer 1

cognitive interpretations of subjective feelings/experiences

Question 2

Motivated behavior

Answer 2

behaviour in pursuit of a goal: almost all behavior is motivated, whether conscious or unconsciouis

Question 3

what c auses motivated behavior?

Answer 3

humans only act according to what is rewarding for their brains: free will is not apart of that

Question 4

Innate (evolutionary) vs learned (environmental) behaviours

Answer 4

innate/evolutionary/ intrinsic: don’t have to learn it
Learned/extrinsic/environmental: must learn it

Question 5

IRMS

Answer 5

Innate releasing mechanisms
Hypothetical groups of organs that trigger organism to initiate an adaptive behaviour
STRILL A MOTIVATED BEHAVIOR AND CAN BE SHAPED BY ENVIRONMENT
CRITICAL FOR REFS
1. Reproducing
2. Escaping predators
3. Feeding

Question 6

Human IRMS

Answer 6

involuntary imitations in babies: triggered to produce response
Even congenitally blind babies can do this

Question 7

Skinner Box/Operant Conditioning

Answer 7

type of associative learning that uses punishment and reward
environmentally learned behavuior
positive reinforcement: increase the likelihood of behavior occuring
negative reinforcement: decrease the likelihood of a behavior reoccuring

Question 8

Learned Taste aversion

Answer 8

gracia; associate certain tastes with illnesses

Question 9

coyote experiment and learned taste aversion and preparedness

Answer 9

shooting coyotes didnt work to deter them from hunting sheep, but poisoning the carcasses worked = preparedness of the nervous system to respond to certain associative learning cues but not others

Question 10

Motivation

Answer 10

intrinsic state which brings out goal directed behavior; MOST CRITICAL STRUCTURE IN THIS IS HYPOTHALAMUS

Question 11

Funnel Model of Hypothalamus and Motivated Behavior

Answer 11

1. All input across all cerebral hemispheres
2. Sent to hypothalamus
3. IOntregrated to produce goal motivated behaviors

Question 12

location of the hypothalamus

Answer 12

diecenphalon, brainstem

Question 13

Regulatory and non-regulatory behavior

Answer 13

regulatory: involves behavior criticval to survival and involves homeostatic mechanisms: temp regulation etc; HORMONMAL AND NEURAL MECHANISMS
nonregulatory: not essential, but still rewarding to the brain = soical rewards, REQUIRES FRONTAL LOBE

Question 14

eXAMPLE of rats and hypothalamus stimulation

Answer 14

1. no stimulation = rats are quiet
2. stimulation: rats start digging in the sawdust
   this would only happen if sawdust were present
   rats would seek hypothalamus stimulation bc it is rewarding for their brain to do this type of behavior

Question 15

two systems the hypothalamus acts on

Answer 15

autonomic nervous system and endocrine system: MAINTAINS HOMEOSTASIS

Question 16

Paraventricular Nuclei

Answer 16

hypothalamus, contains oxytocin, essential for bonding behaviors

Question 17

Anterior vs posterior lobes of the pituitary/ their processes

Answer 17

Anterior:
1. Hypothalamus secretes releasing factors
2. These releasing factors trigger the anterior lobe of the pituitary TO MAKE ITS OWN HORMONES; uses glandular tissue to do so
Posterior lobe:
1. Hypothalamus synthesizes hormones FOR the posterior pituitary lobe
2. Posterior pituitary has NO glandular tissue; almost all neural = only secretes the hormones the hypothalamus gives it

Question 18

What two processes regulate the hypothalamus?

Answer 18

1. Negative feedback loop (hypothalamus regulates itself)
   -Hypothalamus secretes releasing factor
   -Anterior lobe of the pituitary makes its own hormones
   -Targets organs with these hormones
   -Releases into bloodstream
   -Hypothalamus can regulate it again once the hormone reaches it
2. Neural regulation
   -Environmental stimuli/experience (like anxiety stopping the milk from going down)

Question 19

Medial Forebrain Bundle

Answer 19

connects the hypothalamus to the frontal lobes and the limbic system
-contains the WHOLE mesolimbic system within this bundle: therefore implicated in reward/associative learning
-drug addiction/addictive behaviors
-controls eating/sex drive
Source: ventral tegmentum (VTA) in the midbrain, part of the brainstem, which makes DA (dopamine) for the entire system to function

Question 20

3 components of emotion

Answer 20

CAS
1. Cognitions: how we interpret/appraise experience; frontal lobes; SPECIFICALLY PFC
2. Autonomic response: physiological component, hypothalamus, ANS, ENS,
3. Subjective feelings: amygdala/ some parts of frontal lobes

Question 21

The limbic system

Answer 21

emotion, emotional memory
includes PFC, amygdala, hippocampal formation, mamillary nucleus, hypothtalamus, anterior thalamus

Question 22

Amygdala

Answer 22

implicated in innate and environmental fear (fear conditioning, like in the Skinner box)
fear and emotional response
afferent: receives from all sensory systems, but most specificaslly the PFC, HPC
efferent: sends to hypothalamus/brainstem (TO INTIATE SPECIES SPECIFIC BEHAVIOR)

Question 23

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

Answer 23

ablated amygdala in monkeys and saw the following symptoms
-highly odd sexual behaviors with objects/homosexuality
-no dietary discretion, eating anything
-no fear response/very tame
- loss of ventral stream “what” pathway = visual form agnosia, damaged during amygdala ablation
-paying attention to every envrionemtal stimuli: very hyperactive

Question 24

Parts included in the PFC

Answer 24

1. Dorsolateral PFC
2. Orbitofrontal PFC
3. Ventromedial PFC
   *** PREMOTOR CORTEX AND MOTOR CORTEX ARE FRONTAL LOBES, BUT NOT ^^^^ PART OF THE PFC

Question 25

location of amygdala

Answer 25

-temporal lobe
-forebrain
-allocortex
-cerebral cortex

Question 26

brenda milner

Answer 26

-worked with patyient hm/ studied frontal lobotomy patients

Question 27

DLPFC function and damage

Answer 27

function: internally motivated behavior
damage: over-reliance on external cues for motivation, no intrinsic motivation, very apathetic, lost meaningful connections = PSEUDODEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS

Question 28

OFC function and damage

Answer 28

function: context appropriate behavior, interprets social contexts, awareness of emotional states produced by the rest of the limbic system
damage: socially inappropriate behavior, impulsive, hypersexual

Question 29

VMPFC function and damage

Answer 29

function: decision-making, value assessment (something is either positive or negative), intergrates social emotioanl input
damage= reduced empathy, reducec connectivity between VMPFC and amygdala = more aggression

Question 30

Pseudodepression symptoms and primary cause

Answer 30

damage to DLPFC
apathy, indifference, loss of initiative
DIFFERENCE FROM REGULAR DEPRESSION: NOT DISTRESSING OR ANY SENSE OF DEJECTION, they don’t care \

Question 31

pseudopsycopathy symptoms and primary cause

Answer 31

damage to OFC or VMPFC
immature behavior, lack of restraint, poor decisions, ipulsive
WORSE IN CHILD ONSET CASES BC PFC IS LESS DEVELOPED: this is where more aggression would tend to be seen

Question 32

Transorbital leukotomy; Walter freeman

Answer 32

walter freeman did the most lobotomies
damaged the OFC

Question 33

Agnes case

Answer 33

had a frontal lobotomy dictated by her husband so that she wouldnt tell his business secrtets
felt empty, had no attachments to anyone, no facial expressions, very impulsive

Question 34

3 main compoments of reward

Answer 34

learning: about rewards and where to get them
motivatiion: craving
affective/hedonic: liking the reward

Question 35

Intracranial Self Stimulation and the scientists that conducted it

Answer 35

Olds and Milner
found that rats will press a bar to self-administer electrical stimulation to specific sites in the brain (specifically the medial forebrain bundle)P

Question 36

Where does the VTA project to?

Answer 36

NACC, HPC, PFC, and amygdala
Nacc= nucleus accumbens, basal ganglia, forebrain

Question 37

Difference between wanting and liking something and the systems that control it

Answer 37

Wanting: subconcious, CONTROLLED BY DA PROJECTIONS FROM VTA TO STRIATUM, PFC
Liking: CONSCIOUS, controlled by opiod and endocannabinoid NTS, generated by smaller set of hedonic hotspots (PFC, BRAINSTEM)