Ch. 12, Emotions/Motivation Flashcards
Emotions
cognitive interpretations of subjective feelings/experiences
Motivated behavior
behaviour in pursuit of a goal: almost all behavior is motivated, whether conscious or unconsciouis
what c auses motivated behavior?
humans only act according to what is rewarding for their brains: free will is not apart of that
Innate (evolutionary) vs learned (environmental) behaviours
innate/evolutionary/ intrinsic: don’t have to learn it
Learned/extrinsic/environmental: must learn it
IRMS
Innate releasing mechanisms
Hypothetical groups of organs that trigger organism to initiate an adaptive behaviour
STRILL A MOTIVATED BEHAVIOR AND CAN BE SHAPED BY ENVIRONMENT
CRITICAL FOR REFS
1. Reproducing
2. Escaping predators
3. Feeding
Human IRMS
involuntary imitations in babies: triggered to produce response
Even congenitally blind babies can do this
Skinner Box/Operant Conditioning
type of associative learning that uses punishment and reward
environmentally learned behavuior
positive reinforcement: increase the likelihood of behavior occuring
negative reinforcement: decrease the likelihood of a behavior reoccuring
Learned Taste aversion
gracia; associate certain tastes with illnesses
coyote experiment and learned taste aversion and preparedness
shooting coyotes didnt work to deter them from hunting sheep, but poisoning the carcasses worked = preparedness of the nervous system to respond to certain associative learning cues but not others
Motivation
intrinsic state which brings out goal directed behavior; MOST CRITICAL STRUCTURE IN THIS IS HYPOTHALAMUS
Funnel Model of Hypothalamus and Motivated Behavior
- All input across all cerebral hemispheres
- Sent to hypothalamus
- IOntregrated to produce goal motivated behaviors
location of the hypothalamus
diecenphalon, brainstem
Regulatory and non-regulatory behavior
regulatory: involves behavior criticval to survival and involves homeostatic mechanisms: temp regulation etc; HORMONMAL AND NEURAL MECHANISMS
nonregulatory: not essential, but still rewarding to the brain = soical rewards, REQUIRES FRONTAL LOBE
eXAMPLE of rats and hypothalamus stimulation
- no stimulation = rats are quiet
- stimulation: rats start digging in the sawdust
this would only happen if sawdust were present
rats would seek hypothalamus stimulation bc it is rewarding for their brain to do this type of behavior
two systems the hypothalamus acts on
autonomic nervous system and endocrine system: MAINTAINS HOMEOSTASIS
Paraventricular Nuclei
hypothalamus, contains oxytocin, essential for bonding behaviors
Anterior vs posterior lobes of the pituitary/ their processes
Anterior:
1. Hypothalamus secretes releasing factors
2. These releasing factors trigger the anterior lobe of the pituitary TO MAKE ITS OWN HORMONES; uses glandular tissue to do so
Posterior lobe:
1. Hypothalamus synthesizes hormones FOR the posterior pituitary lobe
2. Posterior pituitary has NO glandular tissue; almost all neural = only secretes the hormones the hypothalamus gives it
What two processes regulate the hypothalamus?
- Negative feedback loop (hypothalamus regulates itself)
-Hypothalamus secretes releasing factor
-Anterior lobe of the pituitary makes its own hormones
-Targets organs with these hormones
-Releases into bloodstream
-Hypothalamus can regulate it again once the hormone reaches it - Neural regulation
-Environmental stimuli/experience (like anxiety stopping the milk from going down)
Medial Forebrain Bundle
connects the hypothalamus to the frontal lobes and the limbic system
-contains the WHOLE mesolimbic system within this bundle: therefore implicated in reward/associative learning
-drug addiction/addictive behaviors
-controls eating/sex drive
Source: ventral tegmentum (VTA) in the midbrain, part of the brainstem, which makes DA (dopamine) for the entire system to function
3 components of emotion
CAS
1. Cognitions: how we interpret/appraise experience; frontal lobes; SPECIFICALLY PFC
2. Autonomic response: physiological component, hypothalamus, ANS, ENS,
3. Subjective feelings: amygdala/ some parts of frontal lobes
The limbic system
emotion, emotional memory
includes PFC, amygdala, hippocampal formation, mamillary nucleus, hypothtalamus, anterior thalamus
Amygdala
implicated in innate and environmental fear (fear conditioning, like in the Skinner box)
fear and emotional response
afferent: receives from all sensory systems, but most specificaslly the PFC, HPC
efferent: sends to hypothalamus/brainstem (TO INTIATE SPECIES SPECIFIC BEHAVIOR)
Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
ablated amygdala in monkeys and saw the following symptoms
-highly odd sexual behaviors with objects/homosexuality
-no dietary discretion, eating anything
-no fear response/very tame
- loss of ventral stream “what” pathway = visual form agnosia, damaged during amygdala ablation
-paying attention to every envrionemtal stimuli: very hyperactive
Parts included in the PFC
- Dorsolateral PFC
- Orbitofrontal PFC
- Ventromedial PFC
*** PREMOTOR CORTEX AND MOTOR CORTEX ARE FRONTAL LOBES, BUT NOT ^^^^ PART OF THE PFC
location of amygdala
-temporal lobe
-forebrain
-allocortex
-cerebral cortex
brenda milner
-worked with patyient hm/ studied frontal lobotomy patients
DLPFC function and damage
function: internally motivated behavior
damage: over-reliance on external cues for motivation, no intrinsic motivation, very apathetic, lost meaningful connections = PSEUDODEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS
OFC function and damage
function: context appropriate behavior, interprets social contexts, awareness of emotional states produced by the rest of the limbic system
damage: socially inappropriate behavior, impulsive, hypersexual
VMPFC function and damage
function: decision-making, value assessment (something is either positive or negative), intergrates social emotioanl input
damage= reduced empathy, reducec connectivity between VMPFC and amygdala = more aggression
Pseudodepression symptoms and primary cause
damage to DLPFC
apathy, indifference, loss of initiative
DIFFERENCE FROM REGULAR DEPRESSION: NOT DISTRESSING OR ANY SENSE OF DEJECTION, they don’t care \
pseudopsycopathy symptoms and primary cause
damage to OFC or VMPFC
immature behavior, lack of restraint, poor decisions, ipulsive
WORSE IN CHILD ONSET CASES BC PFC IS LESS DEVELOPED: this is where more aggression would tend to be seen
Transorbital leukotomy; Walter freeman
walter freeman did the most lobotomies
damaged the OFC
Agnes case
had a frontal lobotomy dictated by her husband so that she wouldnt tell his business secrtets
felt empty, had no attachments to anyone, no facial expressions, very impulsive
3 main compoments of reward
learning: about rewards and where to get them
motivatiion: craving
affective/hedonic: liking the reward
Intracranial Self Stimulation and the scientists that conducted it
Olds and Milner
found that rats will press a bar to self-administer electrical stimulation to specific sites in the brain (specifically the medial forebrain bundle)P
Where does the VTA project to?
NACC, HPC, PFC, and amygdala
Nacc= nucleus accumbens, basal ganglia, forebrain
Difference between wanting and liking something and the systems that control it
Wanting: subconcious, CONTROLLED BY DA PROJECTIONS FROM VTA TO STRIATUM, PFC
Liking: CONSCIOUS, controlled by opiod and endocannabinoid NTS, generated by smaller set of hedonic hotspots (PFC, BRAINSTEM)
