Ch. 12, Emotions/Motivation Flashcards

1
Q

Emotions

A

cognitive interpretations of subjective feelings/experiences

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2
Q

Motivated behavior

A

behaviour in pursuit of a goal: almost all behavior is motivated, whether conscious or unconsciouis

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3
Q

what c auses motivated behavior?

A

humans only act according to what is rewarding for their brains: free will is not apart of that

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4
Q

Innate (evolutionary) vs learned (environmental) behaviours

A

innate/evolutionary/ intrinsic: don’t have to learn it
Learned/extrinsic/environmental: must learn it

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5
Q

IRMS

A

Innate releasing mechanisms
Hypothetical groups of organs that trigger organism to initiate an adaptive behaviour
STRILL A MOTIVATED BEHAVIOR AND CAN BE SHAPED BY ENVIRONMENT
CRITICAL FOR REFS
1. Reproducing
2. Escaping predators
3. Feeding

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6
Q

Human IRMS

A

involuntary imitations in babies: triggered to produce response
Even congenitally blind babies can do this

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7
Q

Skinner Box/Operant Conditioning

A

type of associative learning that uses punishment and reward
environmentally learned behavuior
positive reinforcement: increase the likelihood of behavior occuring
negative reinforcement: decrease the likelihood of a behavior reoccuring

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8
Q

Learned Taste aversion

A

gracia; associate certain tastes with illnesses

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9
Q

coyote experiment and learned taste aversion and preparedness

A

shooting coyotes didnt work to deter them from hunting sheep, but poisoning the carcasses worked = preparedness of the nervous system to respond to certain associative learning cues but not others

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10
Q

Motivation

A

intrinsic state which brings out goal directed behavior; MOST CRITICAL STRUCTURE IN THIS IS HYPOTHALAMUS

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11
Q

Funnel Model of Hypothalamus and Motivated Behavior

A
  1. All input across all cerebral hemispheres
  2. Sent to hypothalamus
  3. IOntregrated to produce goal motivated behaviors
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12
Q

location of the hypothalamus

A

diecenphalon, brainstem

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13
Q

Regulatory and non-regulatory behavior

A

regulatory: involves behavior criticval to survival and involves homeostatic mechanisms: temp regulation etc; HORMONMAL AND NEURAL MECHANISMS
nonregulatory: not essential, but still rewarding to the brain = soical rewards, REQUIRES FRONTAL LOBE

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14
Q

eXAMPLE of rats and hypothalamus stimulation

A
  1. no stimulation = rats are quiet
  2. stimulation: rats start digging in the sawdust
    this would only happen if sawdust were present
    rats would seek hypothalamus stimulation bc it is rewarding for their brain to do this type of behavior
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15
Q

two systems the hypothalamus acts on

A

autonomic nervous system and endocrine system: MAINTAINS HOMEOSTASIS

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16
Q

Paraventricular Nuclei

A

hypothalamus, contains oxytocin, essential for bonding behaviors

17
Q

Anterior vs posterior lobes of the pituitary/ their processes

A

Anterior:
1. Hypothalamus secretes releasing factors
2. These releasing factors trigger the anterior lobe of the pituitary TO MAKE ITS OWN HORMONES; uses glandular tissue to do so
Posterior lobe:
1. Hypothalamus synthesizes hormones FOR the posterior pituitary lobe
2. Posterior pituitary has NO glandular tissue; almost all neural = only secretes the hormones the hypothalamus gives it

18
Q

What two processes regulate the hypothalamus?

A
  1. Negative feedback loop (hypothalamus regulates itself)
    -Hypothalamus secretes releasing factor
    -Anterior lobe of the pituitary makes its own hormones
    -Targets organs with these hormones
    -Releases into bloodstream
    -Hypothalamus can regulate it again once the hormone reaches it
  2. Neural regulation
    -Environmental stimuli/experience (like anxiety stopping the milk from going down)
19
Q

Medial Forebrain Bundle

A

connects the hypothalamus to the frontal lobes and the limbic system
-contains the WHOLE mesolimbic system within this bundle: therefore implicated in reward/associative learning
-drug addiction/addictive behaviors
-controls eating/sex drive
Source: ventral tegmentum (VTA) in the midbrain, part of the brainstem, which makes DA (dopamine) for the entire system to function

20
Q

3 components of emotion

A

CAS
1. Cognitions: how we interpret/appraise experience; frontal lobes; SPECIFICALLY PFC
2. Autonomic response: physiological component, hypothalamus, ANS, ENS,
3. Subjective feelings: amygdala/ some parts of frontal lobes

21
Q

The limbic system

A

emotion, emotional memory
includes PFC, amygdala, hippocampal formation, mamillary nucleus, hypothtalamus, anterior thalamus

22
Q

Amygdala

A

implicated in innate and environmental fear (fear conditioning, like in the Skinner box)
fear and emotional response
afferent: receives from all sensory systems, but most specificaslly the PFC, HPC
efferent: sends to hypothalamus/brainstem (TO INTIATE SPECIES SPECIFIC BEHAVIOR)

23
Q

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

A

ablated amygdala in monkeys and saw the following symptoms
-highly odd sexual behaviors with objects/homosexuality
-no dietary discretion, eating anything
-no fear response/very tame
- loss of ventral stream “what” pathway = visual form agnosia, damaged during amygdala ablation
-paying attention to every envrionemtal stimuli: very hyperactive

24
Q

Parts included in the PFC

A
  1. Dorsolateral PFC
  2. Orbitofrontal PFC
  3. Ventromedial PFC
    *** PREMOTOR CORTEX AND MOTOR CORTEX ARE FRONTAL LOBES, BUT NOT ^^^^ PART OF THE PFC
25
location of amygdala
-temporal lobe -forebrain -allocortex -cerebral cortex
26
brenda milner
-worked with patyient hm/ studied frontal lobotomy patients
27
DLPFC function and damage
function: internally motivated behavior damage: over-reliance on external cues for motivation, no intrinsic motivation, very apathetic, lost meaningful connections = PSEUDODEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS
28
OFC function and damage
function: context appropriate behavior, interprets social contexts, awareness of emotional states produced by the rest of the limbic system damage: socially inappropriate behavior, impulsive, hypersexual
29
VMPFC function and damage
function: decision-making, value assessment (something is either positive or negative), intergrates social emotioanl input damage= reduced empathy, reducec connectivity between VMPFC and amygdala = more aggression
30
Pseudodepression symptoms and primary cause
damage to DLPFC apathy, indifference, loss of initiative DIFFERENCE FROM REGULAR DEPRESSION: NOT DISTRESSING OR ANY SENSE OF DEJECTION, they don't care \
31
pseudopsycopathy symptoms and primary cause
damage to OFC or VMPFC immature behavior, lack of restraint, poor decisions, ipulsive WORSE IN CHILD ONSET CASES BC PFC IS LESS DEVELOPED: this is where more aggression would tend to be seen
32
Transorbital leukotomy; Walter freeman
walter freeman did the most lobotomies damaged the OFC
33
Agnes case
had a frontal lobotomy dictated by her husband so that she wouldnt tell his business secrtets felt empty, had no attachments to anyone, no facial expressions, very impulsive
34
3 main compoments of reward
learning: about rewards and where to get them motivatiion: craving affective/hedonic: liking the reward
35
Intracranial Self Stimulation and the scientists that conducted it
Olds and Milner found that rats will press a bar to self-administer electrical stimulation to specific sites in the brain (specifically the medial forebrain bundle)P
36
Where does the VTA project to?
NACC, HPC, PFC, and amygdala Nacc= nucleus accumbens, basal ganglia, forebrain
37
Difference between wanting and liking something and the systems that control it
Wanting: subconcious, CONTROLLED BY DA PROJECTIONS FROM VTA TO STRIATUM, PFC Liking: CONSCIOUS, controlled by opiod and endocannabinoid NTS, generated by smaller set of hedonic hotspots (PFC, BRAINSTEM)