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RNSG 1251 UNIT 1 > ch. 12: conception and fetal development > Flashcards

ch. 12: conception and fetal development Flashcards

1
Q

How long does pregnancy last?

A

40 weeks

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2
Q

What are the three stages of intrauterine development?

A

1) pre-embryonic
2) embryonic
3) fetal

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3
Q

The embryo stage lasts from ___ to ___

A

day 15 to week 8

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4
Q

What stage is the most critical time in development of the organ systems and the main external features?

A

embryonic stage

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5
Q

What is the embryo especially vulnerable to during the embryonic stage?

A

malformations caused by environmental teratogens (smoking, drinking, drugs)

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6
Q

What are the functions of the amniotic fluid?

A

1) allows freedom of movement and symmetrical growth
2) warm and helps fetus maintain constant body temp
3) cushions against shock
4) barrier against infection
5) source of oral fluid & repository for waste
6) maintenance of fluid & electrolyte balance
7) factor in assessing fetal well being

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7
Q

What is OLIGOHYDRAMNIOS?

A
  • too little amniotic fluid < 300 ml

- indicates renal abnormalities

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8
Q

What is POLYHYDRAMNIOS?

A
  • too much amniotic fluid > 2,000 ml

- indicated GI abnormalities

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9
Q

How many arteries does the umbilical cord have?

A

2

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10
Q

How many veins does the umbilical ord have?

A

1

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11
Q

What structure carries OXYGENATED blood to the fetus?

A

the umbilical vein

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12
Q

What structure carries DEOXYGENATED blood away from the fetus?

A

the 2 umbilical arteries

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13
Q

What is Wharton’s Jelly?

A

connective tissue that surrounds the vessels of the umbilical cord and prevents compression of the blood vessels to ensure continued nourishment of embryo

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14
Q

What is nuchal cord?

A

when the cord is wrapped around the fetal neck

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15
Q

What are the metabolic functions of the placenta?

A

1) respiration: functions as lungs for the fetus
2) nutrition
3) excretion
4) storage

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16
Q

the placenta prevents the ___ of the mother and embryo from mixing

A

blood

17
Q

What effect does low blood pressure have on the circulation to the fetus?

A

low BP= low blood circulation to fetus

18
Q

What is supine hypotension?

A

When the woman lies on her back, the pressure of the uterus compresses the vena cava and blood return to r. atrium is diminished

19
Q

What position is optimal for circulation

A

lying on the side

20
Q

What determines the lung maturity of the fetus?

A

Lecithin & sphingomyelin (L/S ratio)

21
Q

What L/S ratio indicates that the fetal lungs are mature?

A

2:1

22
Q

What are the 3 temporary pathways that bypass the fetal lungs and liver to facilitate oxygenation?

A

1) ductus areteriosius
2) foramen ovale
3) ductus venosus

23
Q

Where is the DUCTUS ARTERIOSIUS?

A

between the pulmonary artery and descending aorta

24
Q

Where is the foramen ovale?

A

temporary opening between the left atria and right atria

25
Q

Where is the DUCTUS VENOSUS?

A

temporary opening btwn the umbilical vein & inferior vena cava in fetal liver

26
Q

At what week is the blood type antigen present in the fetus?

A

6th week

27
Q

What are the 2 forms of bilirubin?

A

1) unconjugated (fat soluble)

2) conjugated (water soluble)

28
Q

What does the fetal liver lack?

A

vitamin K bc the gut is sterile

-Vit K is given at birth

29
Q

When should a newborn void?

A

within 24 hrs of birth to show the kidneys are working

30
Q

How does MATERNAL DM affect the baby?

A
  • maternal hyperglycemia = fetal hyperglycemia & hyperinsulinemia = macrosomia
  • blocks lung maturity
  • newborn at ↑ risk od hypoglycemia and respiratory distress
31
Q

What is Vernix Caseosa?

A
  • a thick and cheesy substance that protects the fetus skin in utero
  • thick at 28 weeks and becomes SCANT closer to term
32
Q

What is Lanugo?

A
  • fine hairs

- dissapears at term

33
Q

How does the fetus have PASSIVE ACQUIRED IMMUNITY?

A

-mother passes IgG to fetus via placenta

34
Q

How does the fetus get IgM?

A

produces it by end of first term

35
Q

How does the fetus obtain IgA?

A

from colostrum

RNSG 1251 UNIT 1 (8 decks)

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