Ch. 12 Biostats & Eco Flashcards

1
Q

ECHO stands for

A

Economic outcomes
Clinical outcomes
Humanistic Outcomes

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2
Q

Cost Minimization Analysis (CMA)

A

Used when two or more interventions have already demonstrated equivalency in outcomes and the costs of each intervention are being compared

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3
Q

Cost Benefit Analysis

A

Systematic process for calculating and comparing benefits and costs of an intervention in terms of monetary units

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4
Q

Cost Effectiveness Analysis (CEA)

A

Compares clinical effects to net costs. Can only compare one type of outcomes. Uses natural units for the outcome (BP, life-years gained)

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5
Q

Cost Utility Analysis (CUA)

A

Includes quality of life in terms of years gained in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Does not measure the “quality” or “utility” of those years

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6
Q

Standard deviation

A

Indicates how spread out the data is, and to what degree the data is dispersed away from the MEAN

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7
Q

Negative skew

A

Has more high values

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8
Q

Positive skew

A

Has more low values

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9
Q

In skewed data, it is best to use this central tendency value

A

The median

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10
Q

Type I Error

A
False positive (most common error), CI= 1 - alpha
Rejects the null hypothesis in error
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11
Q

Type II Error

A
False negative (beta)
Accepts the null hypothesis in error
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12
Q

Study Power

A

Probability that a test will reject the null hypothesis correctly (the power to avoid Type II error correctly)
Power= 1 - beta

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13
Q

Relative Risk (RR)

A

Risk in tx group/Risk in control group

Interprets how likely the tx group risk will occur compared to the control group

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14
Q

Relative Risk Reduction (RRR)

A

1-RR

Interprets how much less likely the tx group risk will occur compared to the control group

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15
Q

Absolute Risk Reduction (ARR)

A

Risk in control group - Risk in tx group

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16
Q

Number Needed to Treat (NNT)

A

1/(Risk in control group-Risk in tx group) OR 1/ARR

Round UP to avoid overestimating

17
Q

Number Needed to Harm (NNH)

A

1/ARR

Round DOWN to avoid underestimating

18
Q

Odds Ratio

A

The probability that an event will occur, versus the probability that it will not occur (used in case-control studies)
OR= AD / BC

19
Q

Hazard Ratio

A

Survival analysis

HR= Hazard rate in the tx group / Hazard rate in the control group

20
Q

Types of discrete data

A

Nominal (name) i.e. male, female

Ordinal (order) i.e. pain scale, NYHA class

21
Q

Types of continuous data

A

Ratio, has a meaningful 0 value (i.e. blood pressure)

Interval, does not have a meaningful 0 (i.e. degrees)

22
Q

Use of Chi Square Test

A

In discrete data; tests for difference between/among tx groups

23
Q

Use of ANOVA/F-test

A

In continuous data with 3 or more sample groups

24
Q

Use of Student T-test

A

In continuous data with one sample group

25
Correlation
Determines if one variable is related to another (can be positive with increase to right, or negative with decrease to the right)
26
Types of correlation
Spearman's Rank Order: (Rho) tests correlation in ordinal, ranked data Pearson's Correlation Coefficient: (r) used in continuous data (indicates the strength and direction of the relation between variable)
27
Linear Regression use
Continuous data
28
Logistic Regression use
Categorical data
29
Cox Regression
Categorical data in survival analysis
30
Sensitivity
True Positive | A / (A+C) x 100
31
Specificity
True Negative | D / (B+D) x 100
32
Medical studies from most to least reliable
Systematic reviews and Meta-analysis > RCTS > Cohort > Case-control > Case Series and Reports > Expert opinion