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My Kaplan Biochemistry Ch 8-12 > Ch. 12: Bioenergetics & Regulation of Metabolism > Flashcards

Ch. 12: Bioenergetics & Regulation of Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

what kind of systems are biological systems

A

open systems

can exchange energy and matter with the environment

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2
Q

what is the quantity of interest when determining changes of internal energy for living systems

A

heat

pressure and volume of living systems remains constant

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3
Q

what kinds of reactions have negative deltaG

A

spontaneous rxns in the forward direction, net loss of free energy

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4
Q

what kinds of reactions have positive deltaG

A

non spontaneous rxns, net gain of energy

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5
Q

when is deltaG zero

A

as the reaction approaches equilibrium

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6
Q

what are conditions in the modified standard state

A

[H+] = 10^-7 and pH = 7

delta G —> delta G’

@ 1M most con’c of protons would have pH 0

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7
Q

why is ATP a good energy carrier

A

high energy phosphate bonds

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8
Q

where is ATP produced

A

MOST –> ATP synthase in the mitochondria

SOME –> glycolysis and citric acid cycle

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9
Q

common involvement of ATP in coupled reactions

A

ATP hydrolysis

unfavorable movement across one gradient (like Na+ and K+) is coupled with the release of energy from ATP Hydrolysis

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10
Q

what occurs during ATP cleavage

A

high-energy phosphate group is transferred from ATP to another molecule, generally activating/inactivating the large molecule in a phosphoryl group transfer

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11
Q

what are high-energy electron carriers

A

NADH, NADPH, FADH2, ubiquinone, cytochromes, glutathione

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12
Q

what are flavoproteins

A

nucleic acid derivatives that contain a modified vitamin B12 and function as

  • electron carriers in the mitochondria
  • vitamin B activators
  • coenzymes for fatty acid oxidation, pyruvate decarboxylation, and glutathione reduction
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13
Q

what is homeostasis

A

physiological tendency toward a stable state that is maintained and adjusted, often with the expenditure of energy

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14
Q

what is the difference between homeostasis and equilibrium

A

equilibrium is fixed and does not allow for storage or mobilization … not desirable in a constantly changing external environment

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15
Q

when is the postprandial state occur

A

absorptive/well-fed state

occurs shortly after eating

  • –> greater anabolism (biomolecule synthesis) and food storage
  • –> nutrients to gut, liver, stored or distributed
  • –> blood glucose increase, insulin increase
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16
Q

what does insulin promote

A

glucose increase, insulin increase

  • glycogen synthesis in liver and muscle (until filled)
  • –> then liver converts excess to fatty acids/triacylglycerols
  • glucose entry + triacylglycerol synthesis in adipose
  • glucose entry + protein synthesis in muscle
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17
Q

what cell types are insensitive to insulin

A 
red blood cells (use glucose anaerobically regardless of metabolic state)
nervous system (oxidize glucose to CO2 and H2O regardless of metabolic state)
18
Q

what are counterregulatory hormones

A

hormones that oppose the actions of insulin

glucagon, cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine, growth hormone

19
Q

when does the post absorptive state occur

A

fasting state

  • glucagon stimulates glycogen degradation in the liver releases glucose into the blood (5+ hours after eating)
  • glucagon stimulates hepatic gluconeogenesis (12+ hours after eating)
  • epinephrine stimulates amino acid (muscle) and fatty acid (adipose) release, transport to liver, and transformation for gluconeogenesis
20
Q

when doe the prolonged fasting state occur

A

starvation, 24+ hours

  • high levels glucagon and epinephrine
  • –> glycogen stores depleted
  • –> rapid lipolysis –> acetyl coA –> ketone bodies –> brain
  • –> gluconeogenic activity
21
Q

what kind of hormone is insulin

A

peptide hormone, water soluble

22
Q

how does insulin (and other hormones) regulate metabolism across the entire organism

A

peptide hormone –> rapidly adjust metabolic processes via second messenger cascades

23
Q

what cells secrete insulin

A

beta cells in the pancreas

24
Q

what tissues do not alter glucose uptake in response to insulin

A
  • nervous tissue
  • kidney tubules
  • intestinal mucosa
  • red blood cells
  • beta cells of the pancreas
25
Q

what is the primary controller of insulin secretion

A

plasma glucose (high levels activate, low levels deactivate)

26
Q

what cells secrete glucagon

A

alpha cells in the pancreas

27
Q

what is the primary target of glucagon

A

hepatocytes

  • -> increases glycogenolysis
  • -> increases gluconeogeneis
  • -> increases liver ketogeneis, decreased lipogenesis
  • -> increased lipolysis
28
Q

what is the primary controller of glucagon secretion

A

plasma glucose (low levels activate, high levels deactivate)

29
Q

why are glucocorticoids part of the stress response

A

glucose must rapidly be mobilized during a stress response

30
Q

what are catecholamines

A

epinephrine (adrenaline) norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

  • increase metabolic function associated with an adrenaline rush
31
Q

thyroid hormones influence the metabolism of what molecules

A

lipids and carbohydrates

32
Q

how do thyroid hormone levels fluctuate with metabolic state

A

thyroid hormones levels are relatively constant regardless of metabolic state, have long acting effects

33
Q

what fuel does the liver use

A

well fed: glucose and amino acid

fasting: fatty acids

34
Q

what fuel does the rising skeletal muscle use

A

well fed: glucose

fasting: fatty acids, ketones

35
Q

what fuel doe the cardiac muscle use

A

well fed: fatty acids

fasting: fatty acids, ketones

36
Q

what fuel does the adipose tissue use

A

well fed: glucose

fasting: fatty acids

37
Q

what fuel does the brain use

A

well fed: glucose

fasting: glucose (ketones in prolonged fast)

38
Q

what fuel do red blood cells use

A

well fed: glucose

fasting: glucose

39
Q

what are the major roles of the liver in metabolism

A
  • maintain constant level of blood glucose

- synthesize ketones when fatty acids are oxidized

40
Q

how are mass and basal metabolic rate related

A

directly proportional with mass being the dependent factor

when mass increases, rate increases

41
Q

what hormones increase appetite

A

gherkin and orexin

42
Q

what hormones increase satiety

A

leptin

My Kaplan Biochemistry Ch 8-12 (5 decks)

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