Ch 12

Question 1

The PNS is divided into what 2 subdivisions?

Answer 1

somatic motor system

autonomic nervous system

Question 2

Autonomic nervous system is divided into what?

Answer 2

parasympathetic nervous system (rest and digest)

sympathetic nervous system

Question 3

The somatic nervous system controls what?

Answer 3

voluntary movement of muscles

Question 4

which nervous system primarily

1) regulates the heart
2) regulates the secretory glands (salivary, gastric, sweat, bronchial)
3) regulates smooth muscles

Answer 4

autonomic nervous system

Question 5

Which nervous system performs these regulatory functions?
slowing of heart rate
increasing gastric secretion
emptying of the bladder
emptying of the bowel
focusing the eye for near vision
constricting the pupil
contracting bronchial smooth muscle

Answer 5

parasympathetic nervous system

Question 6

What nervous system controls
regulates the cardiovascular system
regulates body temp
implements the acute stress response (fight or flight)

Answer 6

sympathetic nervous system

Question 7

What do baroreceptors sense?

Answer 7

Blood pressure

Question 8

Why is the baroreceptor reflex important in pharm?

Answer 8

It frequently opposes our attempts to modify blood pressure with drugs

Question 9

Explain the baroreceptor reflex

Answer 9

Baroreceptors are located in the carotid sinus and aortic arch and monitor changes in blood pressure —->this information is then sent to the brain—–>the brain sends impulses along nerves of the autonomic nervous system instructing the heart and blood vessels to behave in a way that restores blood pressure to normal.

Question 10

the steady day-to-day influence exerted by the autonomic nervous system on a particular organ or organ system providing a basal level of control over the reflex its over

Answer 10

what is autonomic tone?

Question 11

In most organs, what nervous system provides the predominant autonomic tone?

Answer 11

parasympathetic

Question 12

the vascular system is regulated almost exclusively by what nervous system

Answer 12

Sympathetic

Question 13

The neurons that go from the spinal cord to the parasympathetic ganglia are called

Answer 13

preganglionic neurons

Question 14

The neurons that go from the ganglia to effector organs are called

Answer 14

postganglionic neurons

Question 15

The anatomy of the parasympathetic nervous system offers 2 general sites at which drugs can act:

Answer 15

The synapses between preganglionic neurons and postganglionic neurons

The junctions between postganglionic neurons and their effector organs

Question 16

3 neurotransmitters of PNS

whats the plus one (not been proven conclusively)

Answer 16

acetylcholine
norepinephrine
epinephrine

dopamine

Question 17

what are the 2 basic categories of receptors associated with the PNS

Answer 17

cholinergic

adrenergic

Question 18

Which receptors mediate responses to ACh

Answer 18

cholinergic - mediate responses at all junctions where ACh is the transmitter

Question 19

which receptors mediate responses to epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine

Answer 19

adrenergic - mediate responses at all junctions where epinephrine and norepinephrine are the transmitters

Question 20

nicotinicN nicotinicM, muscarinic are subtypes of what?

Answer 20

subtypes of cholinergic receptors

Question 21

Alpha1, Alpha2, Beta1, Beta2 are subtypes of what

Answer 21

subtypes of adrenergic receptors

Question 22

dopamine receptors are classified as?

Answer 22

adrenergic, however they do not respond to epinephrine or norepinephrine
They only respond to dopamine with is primarily found in the CNS

Question 23

response to receptor activation for NicotinicN

Answer 23

stimulation of parasympathetic and sympathetic postganglionic nerves and release of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla

Question 24

Location of NicotinicM

Answer 24

Neuromuscular junction

Question 25

Response to receptor activation for NicotinicM

Answer 25

Contraction of skeletal muscles

Question 26

``` All parasympathetic target organs: eye heart lung bladder GI tract Sweat glands Sex organs blood vessels ```

Answer 26

Location of Muscarinic

Question 27

Response to receptor activation for muscarinic | eye

Answer 27

eye - contraction of the ciliary muscle - focuses the lens for near vision - contraction of the iris sphincter muscle causes miosis (decreased pupil diameter)

Question 28

Response to receptor activation for muscarinic | heart

Answer 28

heart - decreased rate

Question 29

Response to receptor activation for muscarinic | Lung

Answer 29

lung - constriction of bronchi | - promotion of secretions

Question 30

Response to receptor activation for muscarinic | Bladder

Answer 30

bladder - contraction of detrusor increases bladder pressure - relaxation of trigone and sphincter allows urine to leave the bladder -Coordinated contraction of detrusor and relaxation of trigone and sphincter causes voiding of the bladder

Question 31

Response to receptor activation for muscarinic | GI Tract

Answer 31

GI tract - Salivation - Increased gastric secretion - increased intestinal tone and motility - Defecation

Question 32

Response to receptor activation for muscarinic | Sweat Glands

Answer 32

Sweat glands - Generalized sweating

Question 33

Response to receptor activation for muscarinic | Sex Organs

Answer 33

Sex organs - Erection

Question 34

Response to receptor activation for muscarinic | Blood Vessels

Answer 34

blood vessels - Vasodilation

Question 35

``` Eye Arterioles skin viscera mucous membranes veins sex organs, male prostatic capsule bladder ```

Answer 35

Location of Alpha 1 adrenergic receptor

Question 36

Response to receptor activation for Alpha1 | Eye

Answer 36

Contraction of the radial muscle of the iris causes mydriasis (increased pupil size)

Question 37

Mydriasis

Answer 37

increased pupil size

Question 38

Response to receptor activation for Alpha1 | Arterioles

Answer 38

Constriction

Question 39

Response to receptor activation for Alpha1 | veins

Answer 39

Constriction

Question 40

Response to receptor activation for Alpha1 | Sex organs, male

Answer 40

ejaculation

Question 41

Response to receptor activation for Alpha1 | prostatic capsule

Answer 41

contraction

Question 42

Response to receptor activation for Alpha1 | Bladder

Answer 42

Contraction of trigone and sphincter

Question 43

Location of Alpha2 adrenergic receptor

Answer 43

Presynaptic nerve terminals

Question 44

Response to receptor activation for Alpha2 Presynaptic nerve terminals

Answer 44

Inhibition of transmitter release

Question 45

Location of Beta1 adrenergic receptor

Answer 45

Heart | Kidney

Question 46

Response to receptor activation for Beta1 | Heart

Answer 46

Increased rate Increased force of contraction increased atrioventricular conduction velocity

Question 47

Response to receptor activation for Beta1 | Kidney

Answer 47

Release of renin

Question 48

``` Arterioles Heart Lung Skeletal muscle Bronchi Uterus Liver Skeletal muscle ```

Answer 48

Location of B2 adrenergic receptor

Question 49

Response to receptor activation for Beta2 | Arterioles

Answer 49

Dilation - increasing blood flow

Question 50

Response to receptor activation for Beta2 | Bronchi

Answer 50

Dilation - to increase oxygen

Question 51

Response to receptor activation for Beta2 | Uterus

Answer 51

Relaxation - to prevent delivery (a process that would be inconvenient for a women when trying to flee)

Question 52

Response to receptor activation for Beta2 | Liver

Answer 52

Glycogenolysis - which increases available energy

Question 53

Response to receptor activation for Beta2 | Skeletal muscle

Answer 53

Enhanced contraction | Glycogenolysis - increases available energy

Question 54

Location of Adrenergic receptor subtype | Dopamine

Answer 54

Kidney

Question 55

Response to receptor activation for Dopamine | Kidney

Answer 55

Dilation of kidney vasculature (enhances renal perfusion) | In the PNS this is the only one of clinical significance

Question 56

epinephrine can activate all ____ and ____ receptors, but not _____ receptors.

Answer 56

epinephrine can activate all Alpha and Beta receptors, but not dopamine receptors.

Question 57

norepinephrine can activate ____, ____, and ____ receptors but not ____ or ____ receptors.

Answer 57

norepinephrine can activate Alpha1, Alpha2, and Beta1 receptors but not Beta2 or dopamine receptors.

Question 58

Dopamine can activate _____, _____, and _____ receptors.

Answer 58

Alpha1, Beta1, and dopamine receptors. Note that dopamine itself is the only transmitter capable of activating dopamine receptors.

Question 59

Epinephrine is the only transmitter that acts at ____receptors.

Answer 59

Beta2

Question 60

Epinephrine is released from the

Answer 60

Adrenal medulla (not from neurons)

Question 61

Function of epinephrine is to

Answer 61

prepare the body for fight or flight

Question 62

life cycle of ACh

Answer 62

synthesis of ACh from 2 precursors - choline and acetylcoenzyme A. ->ACh is stored in vesicles and later released in response to an action potential. -> after release it binds to receptors (NicotinicN, NicotinicM, or muscarinic on the postjunctional cell ->dissociates from receptors-> destroyed by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) -> breaks down to acetate and choline -> choline is uptook into cholinergic nerve terminal

Question 63

Botulinum toxin does what in relation to ACh

Answer 63

inhibits ACh release

Question 64

life cycle of norepinephrine

Answer 64

Norepinephrine is stored in vesicles -> when released it binds to adrenergic receptors -> interacts with postsynaptic Alpha1 and Beta1 receptors and with presynaptic alpha2 receptors -> transmission is terminated by reuptake of norepinephrine back into the nerve terminal -> norepinephrine can either uptake into vesicles for reuse or inactivation by monoamine oxidase (MAO) found in the nerve terminal

Question 65

life cycle of epinephrine

Answer 65

synthesis of epi within chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla ->stored in vesicles to await release -> travels through bloodstream to target organs throughout the body -> it can activate Alpha1, Alpha2, Beta1 and Beta2 receptors -> termination of epinephrine actions is accomplished by hepatic metabolism and not by uptake into nerves.

Question 66

what is the major transmitter released by the adrenal medulla? what does it also release some of

Answer 66

Epinephrine | also releases some of norepinephrine