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Pharm 2 Exam > Ch 12 > Flashcards

Ch 12 Flashcards

1
Q

The PNS is divided into what 2 subdivisions?

A

somatic motor system

autonomic nervous system

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2
Q

Autonomic nervous system is divided into what?

A

parasympathetic nervous system (rest and digest)

sympathetic nervous system

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3
Q

The somatic nervous system controls what?

A

voluntary movement of muscles

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4
Q

which nervous system primarily

1) regulates the heart
2) regulates the secretory glands (salivary, gastric, sweat, bronchial)
3) regulates smooth muscles

A

autonomic nervous system

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5
Q 
Which nervous system performs these regulatory functions?
slowing of heart rate
increasing gastric secretion
emptying of the bladder
emptying of the bowel
focusing the eye for near vision
constricting the pupil
contracting bronchial smooth muscle
A

parasympathetic nervous system

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6
Q

What nervous system controls
regulates the cardiovascular system
regulates body temp
implements the acute stress response (fight or flight)

A

sympathetic nervous system

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7
Q

What do baroreceptors sense?

A

Blood pressure

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8
Q

Why is the baroreceptor reflex important in pharm?

A

It frequently opposes our attempts to modify blood pressure with drugs

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9
Q

Explain the baroreceptor reflex

A

Baroreceptors are located in the carotid sinus and aortic arch and monitor changes in blood pressure —->this information is then sent to the brain—–>the brain sends impulses along nerves of the autonomic nervous system instructing the heart and blood vessels to behave in a way that restores blood pressure to normal.

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10
Q

the steady day-to-day influence exerted by the autonomic nervous system on a particular organ or organ system providing a basal level of control over the reflex its over

A

what is autonomic tone?

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11
Q

In most organs, what nervous system provides the predominant autonomic tone?

A

parasympathetic

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12
Q

the vascular system is regulated almost exclusively by what nervous system

A

Sympathetic

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13
Q

The neurons that go from the spinal cord to the parasympathetic ganglia are called

A

preganglionic neurons

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14
Q

The neurons that go from the ganglia to effector organs are called

A

postganglionic neurons

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15
Q

The anatomy of the parasympathetic nervous system offers 2 general sites at which drugs can act:

A

The synapses between preganglionic neurons and postganglionic neurons

The junctions between postganglionic neurons and their effector organs

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16
Q

3 neurotransmitters of PNS

whats the plus one (not been proven conclusively)

A

acetylcholine
norepinephrine
epinephrine

dopamine

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17
Q

what are the 2 basic categories of receptors associated with the PNS

A

cholinergic

adrenergic

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18
Q

Which receptors mediate responses to ACh

A

cholinergic - mediate responses at all junctions where ACh is the transmitter

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19
Q

which receptors mediate responses to epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine

A

adrenergic - mediate responses at all junctions where epinephrine and norepinephrine are the transmitters

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20
Q

nicotinicN nicotinicM, muscarinic are subtypes of what?

A

subtypes of cholinergic receptors

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21
Q

Alpha1, Alpha2, Beta1, Beta2 are subtypes of what

A

subtypes of adrenergic receptors

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22
Q

dopamine receptors are classified as?

A

adrenergic, however they do not respond to epinephrine or norepinephrine
They only respond to dopamine with is primarily found in the CNS

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23
Q

response to receptor activation for NicotinicN

A

stimulation of parasympathetic and sympathetic postganglionic nerves and release of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla

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24
Q

Location of NicotinicM

A

Neuromuscular junction

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25
Q

Response to receptor activation for NicotinicM

A

Contraction of skeletal muscles

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26
Q 
All parasympathetic target organs:
eye
heart
lung
bladder
GI tract
Sweat glands
Sex organs
blood vessels
A

Location of Muscarinic

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27
Q

Response to receptor activation for muscarinic

eye

A

eye - contraction of the ciliary muscle
- focuses the lens for near vision
- contraction of the iris sphincter muscle causes
miosis (decreased pupil diameter)

28
Q

Response to receptor activation for muscarinic

heart

A

heart - decreased rate

29
Q

Response to receptor activation for muscarinic

Lung

A

lung - constriction of bronchi

- promotion of secretions

30
Q

Response to receptor activation for muscarinic

Bladder

A

bladder - contraction of detrusor increases bladder
pressure
- relaxation of trigone and sphincter allows
urine to leave the bladder
-Coordinated contraction of detrusor and
relaxation of trigone and sphincter causes
voiding of the bladder

31
Q

Response to receptor activation for muscarinic

GI Tract

A

GI tract - Salivation

          - Increased gastric secretion
          - increased intestinal tone and motility
          - Defecation
32
Q

Response to receptor activation for muscarinic

Sweat Glands

A

Sweat glands - Generalized sweating

33
Q

Response to receptor activation for muscarinic

Sex Organs

A

Sex organs - Erection

34
Q

Response to receptor activation for muscarinic

Blood Vessels

A

blood vessels - Vasodilation

35
Q 
Eye
Arterioles
skin
viscera
mucous membranes
veins
sex organs, male
prostatic capsule
bladder
A

Location of Alpha 1 adrenergic receptor

36
Q

Response to receptor activation for Alpha1

Eye

A

Contraction of the radial muscle of the iris causes mydriasis (increased pupil size)

37
Q

Mydriasis

A

increased pupil size

38
Q

Response to receptor activation for Alpha1

Arterioles

A

Constriction

39
Q

Response to receptor activation for Alpha1

veins

A

Constriction

40
Q

Response to receptor activation for Alpha1

Sex organs, male

A

ejaculation

41
Q

Response to receptor activation for Alpha1

prostatic capsule

A

contraction

42
Q

Response to receptor activation for Alpha1

Bladder

A

Contraction of trigone and sphincter

43
Q

Location of Alpha2 adrenergic receptor

A

Presynaptic nerve terminals

44
Q

Response to receptor activation for Alpha2 Presynaptic nerve terminals

A

Inhibition of transmitter release

45
Q

Location of Beta1 adrenergic receptor

A

Heart

Kidney

46
Q

Response to receptor activation for Beta1

Heart

A

Increased rate
Increased force of contraction
increased atrioventricular conduction velocity

47
Q

Response to receptor activation for Beta1

Kidney

A

Release of renin

48
Q 
Arterioles
Heart
Lung
Skeletal muscle
Bronchi
Uterus
Liver
Skeletal muscle
A

Location of B2 adrenergic receptor

49
Q

Response to receptor activation for Beta2

Arterioles

A

Dilation - increasing blood flow

50
Q

Response to receptor activation for Beta2

Bronchi

A

Dilation - to increase oxygen

51
Q

Response to receptor activation for Beta2

Uterus

A

Relaxation - to prevent delivery (a process that would be inconvenient for a women when trying to flee)

52
Q

Response to receptor activation for Beta2

Liver

A

Glycogenolysis - which increases available energy

53
Q

Response to receptor activation for Beta2

Skeletal muscle

A

Enhanced contraction

Glycogenolysis - increases available energy

54
Q

Location of Adrenergic receptor subtype

Dopamine

A

Kidney

55
Q

Response to receptor activation for Dopamine

Kidney

A

Dilation of kidney vasculature (enhances renal perfusion)

In the PNS this is the only one of clinical significance

56
Q

epinephrine can activate all ____ and ____ receptors, but not _____ receptors.

A

epinephrine can activate all Alpha and Beta receptors, but not dopamine receptors.

57
Q

norepinephrine can activate ____, ____, and ____ receptors but not ____ or ____ receptors.

A

norepinephrine can activate Alpha1, Alpha2, and Beta1 receptors but not Beta2 or dopamine receptors.

58
Q

Dopamine can activate _____, _____, and _____ receptors.

A

Alpha1, Beta1, and dopamine receptors. Note that dopamine itself is the only transmitter capable of activating dopamine receptors.

59
Q

Epinephrine is the only transmitter that acts at ____receptors.

A

Beta2

60
Q

Epinephrine is released from the

A

Adrenal medulla (not from neurons)

61
Q

Function of epinephrine is to

A

prepare the body for fight or flight

62
Q

life cycle of ACh

A

synthesis of ACh from 2 precursors - choline and acetylcoenzyme A. ->ACh is stored in vesicles and later released in response to an action potential. -> after release it binds to receptors (NicotinicN, NicotinicM, or muscarinic on the postjunctional cell ->dissociates from receptors-> destroyed by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) -> breaks down to acetate and choline -> choline is uptook into cholinergic nerve terminal

63
Q

Botulinum toxin does what in relation to ACh

A

inhibits ACh release

64
Q

life cycle of norepinephrine

A

Norepinephrine is stored in vesicles -> when released it binds to adrenergic receptors -> interacts with postsynaptic Alpha1 and Beta1 receptors and with presynaptic alpha2 receptors -> transmission is terminated by reuptake of norepinephrine back into the nerve terminal -> norepinephrine can either uptake into vesicles for reuse or inactivation by monoamine oxidase (MAO) found in the nerve terminal

65
Q

life cycle of epinephrine

A

synthesis of epi within chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla ->stored in vesicles to await release -> travels through bloodstream to target organs throughout the body -> it can activate Alpha1, Alpha2, Beta1 and Beta2 receptors -> termination of epinephrine actions is accomplished by hepatic metabolism and not by uptake into nerves.

66
Q

what is the major transmitter released by the adrenal medulla? what does it also release some of

A

Epinephrine

also releases some of norepinephrine

Pharm 2 Exam (18 decks)

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