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Bible > Ch. 12 > Flashcards

Ch. 12 Flashcards

0
Q

what is the core understanding of a naturalistic view of ethics

A

a rejection of the possibility of having an absolute standard by which to judge right and wrong

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1
Q

definition of ethics

A

field of study that deals with discovering what is morally right and wrong

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2
Q

what is the position of utilitarianism

A

an action is not good in and of itself; it’s good only if there are beneficial results from the act

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3
Q

2 proponents of utilitarianism

A

jeremy bentham: pleasures are all equal

john stuart mill: intellectual and sophisticated pleasures are ranked higher than fleshly pleasures

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4
Q

what is ethical relativism?

A

each person must determine their own ethics of right and wrong

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5
Q

who is a proponent of ethical relativism

A

jean-paul sartre

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6
Q

what is conventionalism?

A

right and wrong are determined by the culture in which a person lives

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7
Q

what’s another name for conventionalism

A

cultural relativism

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8
Q

what is the definition of a theistic view of ethics?

A

an ethic of absolute truth that flows from a morally perfect God, who is the foundation of ethics

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9
Q

what is absolutism?

A

there are absolute laws that should never be broken in any situation

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10
Q

who is a proponent of absolutism

A

saint augustine

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11
Q

what is conflicting absolutism?

A

argues that in conflicting situations the application of absolute law should lead to the choice of “the lesser of two evils”

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12
Q

what verse supports conflicting absolutism

A

matthew 5:22

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13
Q

what is graded absolutism?

A

argues that in conflicting situations the application of the absolute law should lead to the choice of choosing the greater good

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14
Q

what verse supports graded absolutism

A

ezra 10 - rahab’s choice

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15
Q

how does hardy compare the ethical views with the difference theories of truth?

A

utilitarianism resembles pragmatism; ethical relativism resembles the subjective theory of truth; and conventionalism is a result of the coherence theory of truth. none of these affirm the absolute theory of truth

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16
Q

according to schaeffer, what is the problem with being finite

A

there’s no sufficient point of integration in himself

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17
Q

who does he quote?

A

jean-paul sarte

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18
Q

if there is an impersonal being, what are the two consequences?

A
  1. morals disappear

2. there’s no ultimate fulfillment in the universe

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19
Q

what does schaeffer mean by his term “moral motions”

A

the sense that things are right and wrong

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20
Q

what is the problem withhindu “paneverthingism”

A

nobility and cruelties are of equal value

21
Q

relativism is based on what kind of process?

A

a statistical process - majority rules

22
Q

2 important results if there is discontinuity

A
  1. man is cruel w/o god being a bad god

2. there’s hope of a solution for this moral problem

23
Q

does lund believe that even a heinous act is by its very nature intrinsically wrong?

A

no, b/c value has no value apart from an evaluator

24
Q

values are contingent upon…

A

the existence of a conscious being w/ feelings, concerns, desires, and purposes

25
Q

what is required for there to be moral or immoral behavior?

A

a second individual with the properties of the first individual

26
Q

value subjectivism

A

a contribution of the subject of the experience not found in the object itself

27
Q

value objectivism

A

value statements do describe the objects to which they refer

28
Q

when does a personal value become an aspect of morality

A

when you apply your preferences as a standard to which others ought to follow

29
Q

how is utilitarianism defined?

A

the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people

30
Q

utilitarianism is what kind of theory

A

consequentialist theory

31
Q

how is kant’s deontological theory defined?

A

the only thing that is good without qualification is a good will

32
Q

what are some glaring weaknesses of utilitarianism?

A

b/c it puts emphasis on the greatest good for the greatest number the liberty of the minority is sacrificed

33
Q

what is the summation of seeking to synthesize utilitarianism and deontological theory?

A

decisions of morality should be based on consequences

34
Q

what are 2 problems with accepting a society’s moral norms

A
  1. societies have engaged in practices that were morally wrong
  2. by grounding morality in preference, there’s not higher court of appeal
35
Q

what are some of the issues raised regarding the case that people should be moral?

A
  1. by being moral people get something else they value
  2. we should be moral out of love for God, not personal gain
  3. morality doesn’t necessarily mean it’s in need of religion as a foundation
  4. it enables us and others to be treated well
36
Q

is religion essential for the establishment of a foundation for morality?

A

no

37
Q

what’s a substitute for god if morality has an alternative foundation?

A

other people

38
Q

what is stace’s definition of relativism?

A

any ethical position which denies there’s a single moral standard which is equally applicable to all people at all times

39
Q

what are 2 definitions regarding standards?

A
  1. what people think is right

2. what is right is distinct from what people think

40
Q

what is stace’s view of the anthropological science in support of morality among various societies?

A

it has a psychological effect but doesn’t add anything to the argument for ethical relativism

41
Q

does stace believe affirming the commands of god is an adequate foundation for absolute moral values?

A

no

42
Q

3 problems with ethical relativism

A
  1. it renders meaningless all propositions which attempt to compare these standards with one another
  2. it’s not possible to compare individuals within the same moral code
  3. no one person’s moral opinion or even a majority view is an adequate standard for morality
43
Q

the morality trap

A

the belief you must obey a moral code created by someone else

44
Q

3 different kinds of morality

A
  1. personal
  2. universal
  3. absolute
45
Q

personal morality

A

act in a way that brings the best consequences to you

46
Q

universal morality

A

a code of conduct to which an individual is supposed to bring happiness to everyone that uses it

47
Q

absolute morality

A

a set of rules to which an individual is expected to surrender his own happiness

48
Q

the unselfishness trap

A

the belief that you must put the happiness of others above your own

49
Q

morality must be situated where

A

in your own values

50
Q

4 reasons why maciver is so enthusiastic about the golden rule

A
  1. only rule that stands by itself in light of its own reasoning in the face of warring systems
  2. instead of attacking the will of others, it offers a new dimension
  3. it goes deeper to show how morality establishes relationships with other people
  4. it weakens those who use moral laws to inflict evil on other people
51
Q

what is the glaring weakness of the golden rule

A

doesn’t solve the ethical problem but only offers another approach

Bible (4 decks)

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