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Bio > ch 12-14 bio test > Flashcards

ch 12-14 bio test Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Alleles

A

a gene trait

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2
Q

traits

A

genetically determined characteristic

  • one trait cant influence another
  • recessive traits can skip a generation
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3
Q

Carrier

A

an unexpressed trait - a carried allele is unexpressed

- A heterozygous individual is a carrier of a recessive allele

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4
Q

complete dominance

A

dominant allele completely masks recessive allele for that trait

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5
Q

incomplete dominance

A

when one allele doesn’t fully dominant over another causing blending
- Red + White = pink

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6
Q

codominance

A

alleles expressed side by side

- white + black = white/black spotted

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7
Q

polygenic

A

traits controlled/produced by more than one gene

  • ex: hair type
  • graphed: bell shaped
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8
Q

dihybrid cross

A

a cross involving 2 traits

- RrYy x RrYy = 9:3:3:1

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9
Q

multiple alleles

A

3 or more alleles in one gene

  • ex: blood type
  • genes existing in several forms
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10
Q

homozygous

A

same 2 alleles

  • ex: AA, aa
  • purebred/true breeding
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11
Q

heterozygous

A

2 diffrent alleles

  • Aa
  • hybrid
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12
Q

phenotype

A

the physical expression of a trait

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13
Q

genotype

A

the letter expression of a traits dominance/recessive

- ex: RR, rr, Rr

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14
Q

punnet square

A

model probabilities

  • Mundelein inheritance can be determined through a punnet square
  • helps predict combinations in genetic crosses
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15
Q

F1

A

first generation from cross mating of different parent types

- 25% recessive 25% dominant 50% heterozygous

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16
Q

F2

A 
second generation (like F1) 
- 9:3:3:1 = 9 RR, 3 Rr, 3 rR, 1 rr
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17
Q

genes

A

the units that determine the inheritance of biological characteristics

  • sexually reproduced organisms get one copy of each each gene from each parent
  • contains the instructions for assembling proteins
  • gen expression genetic info id put into action
18
Q

dominant

A

expressed allele

19
Q

recessive

A

unexpressed allele

20
Q

DNA

A 
(deoxyribo-nucleic-acid) 
nucleic acid made of many nucleotides 
- double helix 
- unzipped and copied
- allows genetic info to go to the next gen via chromosomes
- stores info in base sequence
- in nucleus (office)  
- Master plan
- DNA is the same in constructed for plant and animals but different in content
21
Q

nucleotides

A

unit made out of a nitrogen base, deoxyribose, phosphate group

  • bonded with covalent bond
  • can be joined in any order
22
Q

nitrogen bases

A

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil (RNA)

23
Q

nucleic acid

A

building blocks in DNA

- monomers of the polymer proteins

24
Q

replication

A

DNA copying itself

  1. helix unzips forming forks (hydrogen binds are weaker)
  2. new bases added
  3. 2 strands (new/old)
    - starts in a single point in Prok but multiple in Euk
25
Q

DNA polymerase

A

enzyme that joins nucleotides

26
Q

diploid

A

a nucleus containing 2 complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent
- paired

27
Q

haploid

A

nucleolus having single set of unpaired chromosomes

- unpaired

28
Q

anti parallel

A

DNA has 1 strand spinning up and another spinning down during replication

29
Q

telomeres

A

cause cells to stop replicating

30
Q

RNA

A

single strand polymeric strand

31
Q

mRNA

A
  • made from coding strand of DNA

- travels to cytoplasm

32
Q

promoter

A

region of DNA that starts transcription

33
Q

Transcription

A

making RNA from DNA

34
Q

rRNA

A

translates mRNA to provide instructions for building proteins

  • manges mRNA
  • guides tRNA
  • make peptide bonds
  • subunits ribosomes
35
Q

tRNA

A

carries anticodons that construct proteins from specific amino acids
- deciphers codons

36
Q

phases

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

37
Q

prophase

A

the complex of DNA and protein known as chromatin condenses to form chromosomes.

38
Q

metaphase

A

Alline in center of cell

39
Q

anaphase

A

chromosomes are pulled apart by spindle fibers

40
Q

telophase

A

chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed

41
Q

interphase

A

final cells created

Bio (4 decks)

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