Ch. 12

Question 1

Judgment

Answer 1

The ability to reason
- efficient and accurate
- gain efficiency at the cost of accuracy

Question 2

Heuristic

Answer 2

A mental shortcut to understand things

Question 3

Types of judgment heuristics

Answer 3

1. Attribute substitution
2. Availability heuristic
3. Representative heuristic

Question 4

Attribute substitution

Answer 4

• Relies on easily accessed information rather than facts of the individual case
• works well when the easily accessible info relates to the desired side of the information or debate

Question 5

Availability heuristic

Answer 5

• Judges frequency of something at the ease at which something can come to mind
• we assume airplanes are more dangerous than cars bc of news
• “probability”?
• “availability” based on frequency of situation or circumstance comes to mind

Question 6

Representative heuristic

Answer 6

• generalizing one person to be like or have traits like a person in their group or category overall
• online video of cop shooting, now all cops are bad
• prototype

Question 7

Induction

Answer 7

Broad Judgements are made from specific observations and cases
Specific to general

Question 8

Covariation

Answer 8

A relationship between two variables where the presence of one can be predicted by the other
- ex.) Does college lead to a higher paying job?

Question 9

Illusion covariation

Answer 9

False covariance
- astrology

Question 10

Confirmation bias

Answer 10

We ignore disconfirming data
- similar to overregularzation by schemata

Question 11

Base rate information

Answer 11

Information about the broad likelihood of an event
- can cause covariantion estimates to be incorrect is a neglect of base rate information
- this is why control group is needed

Question 12

Dual processing model

Answer 12

System 1 & 2

Question 13

System 1

Answer 13

Fast, automatic thinking, uses heuristics

Question 14

System 2

Answer 14

Slower thinking, effortful, and more likely to be corrected

Question 15

Deduction

Answer 15

Starts with general premise and asks what follows in more specific terms

Question 16

Selective memory

Answer 16

Memory for disconfirmong evidence is often remembered selectively

Question 17

Belief preserverance

Answer 17

We notice evidence against our belief but ignore it so as not to be swayed from the original belief/viewpoint.
- failure in logic

Question 18

3 most common errors Iogic

Answer 18

1. Belief bias
2. Affirming consequence
3. Denying antecedents

Question 19

Belief bias

Answer 19

Tendency to endorse conclusions that only fit with what you believe

Question 20

Utility maximization

Answer 20

Option w greatest expected value

Question 21

Reason-based choice

Answer 21

Ppl make a decision only when they detect what they belive to be a persuasive reason for making that choice

Question 22

Affective forcasting

Answer 22

Emotions play a role on decisions