Ch. 12, 13, 14 Flashcards
A hill or a very low mountain that may also contain mesas and high plateaus.
Uplands
A long, narrow, deep inlet of the sea between steep slopes.
fjords
The central plateau of Spain.
Meseta
The uplands of France, which account for about 1/6 of French lands.
Massif Central
Partially decayed plant matter found in bogs.
Peat
A cold, dry wind from the north.
mistral
A hot, steady south wind that blows from North Africa across the Mediterranean Sea into southern Europe, mostly in spring.
sirocco
An earthen bank used to direct or prevent the passage of water.
dikes
Land that is reclaimed from the sea or other body of water by diking and drainage.
polder
A structure used to control the sea’s destructive impact on human life.
seaworks
High earthen platforms used in seaworks.
terpen
Former inlet of the North Sea in the Netherlands.
Zuider Zee
A freshwater lake separated from the North Sea by a dike and bordered by polders.
Ijsselmeer
An autonomous political unit made up of a city and its surrounding lands.
city-state
A government in which citizens elect representatives to rule on their behalf.
republic
a series of wars to take the Holy Land from the Muslims.
Crusades
Began in the Italian city-states, was a time of renewed interest in learning and the arts that lasted from the 14th through 16th centuries.
Renaissance
Structures that carried water for long distances, and Muslim mosques, places of worship.
aqueducts
Countries of Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg have their own cultures—but also have been influenced by Germany and France.
Benelux
A period when many Christians broke away from the Catholic Church and started Protestant churches.
Reformation
A political system in which powerful lords owned most of the land he gave some land to nobles in exchange for military service by those nobles and over time, strong kings gained power over feudal lords, and nationalism evolved.
feudalism
The belief that people should be loyal to their nation, the people with whom they share land, culture, and history.
Nationalism
A program of mass murder of two-thirds of European Jews and the murder of other minorities.
Holocaust
A wall erected by East Germany in 1961 to cut the capital of Berlin in two, and later dismantled in 1989.
Berlin Wall
Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden.
Nordic countries
A representative lawmaking body whose members are elected or appointed.
parliament
The section of Scotland betweenGlasgow and Edinburgh known for because it had so many high-tech companies, which use silicon computer chips.
Silicon Glen
a common currency proposed by the European Union for its member nations.
euro
A place where various cultures cross paths.
cultural crossroad
The process of a region breaking up into small, mutually hostile units.
balkanization
A nation dominated by another country.
satellite nations
A type of economic system in which production of goods and service is determined by the demand from consumers. Also called demand economy or capitalism.
market economy
Handmade items, such as pottery, woodcarving, and traditional costumes, produced by rural people with traditional lifestyles, instead of by professional artists.
folk art
Discrimination against Jewish people.
anti-Semitism
A person who migrated from Poland and Russia and settled in the Balkan Peninsula.
South Slavs
The policy of trying to eliminate an ethnic group through violence.
ethnic cleansing
A group called the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) who began to carry out attacks against Serbian officials in attempt to control the region of Kosovo in the 1990s.
KLA
In 2000 elected as president by the Yugoslav people.
Vojislav Kostunica
The Serbian leader who tried to increase Serbia’s power over the rest of Yugoslavia.
Slobodan Milošević
a deadly poison
cyanide
An agency that provides the European Union with reliable information about the environment.
European Environmental Agency
very small particles of liquid or solid matter.
particulates
A brown haze that occurs when the gases released by burning fossil fuels react with sunlight to create hundreds of harmful chemicals.
smog
A form of oxygen that causes health problems.
ozone
