CH 12 Flashcards
Differentiate cross-sectional, longitudinal and sequential designs.
CS: compare people of different ages at the same point in time
LG: repeatedly tests same cohort as they grow older.
SQ: repeatedly test several age cohorts as they all grow older.
How many days in prenatal period?
266
What is a fertilized egg called?
Zygote
The embryonic stage occurs when after conception?
End of second week through the eighth.
When does the embryo become a fetus?
At the ninth week after conception; fetal stage.
What is the TDF gene?
Testis determining factor, within the Y chromosome, which triggers male sexual development.
What are Teratogens?
Environmental agents that cause abnormal prenatal development.
What abnormalities are involved in FAS?
Facial abnormalities, small malformed brains, intellectual disability, attentional and perceptual deficits, impulsivity, and poor social skills.
What are schemas?
Organized patterns of thought and action that arise with cognitive development; internal frameworks
Two key processes of schema development?
Assimilation: new experiences are incorporated into existing schemas
Accommodation: new experiences cause existing schemas to change or new ones to be created
Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete operational
Formal operational
What develops in the sensorimotor stage?
Infant gains understanding of world through sensory and motor experiences. Achieves object permanence.
What develops in the preoperational stage?
Emergence of symbolic thought. Child uses words and images to represent objects and experiences. Pretend play. Thinking displays egocentrism, irreversibility and centration.
What develops in the concrete operational stage?
Child can think logically about concrete events, grasps concepts of conservation and serial ordering.
What develops in the formal operational stage?
Adolescent can think more logically abstractly and flexibly. Conform, hypotheses and test them systematically.
What is egocentrism?
Difficulty in viewing the world from someone else’s perspective. Assuming other people see things the way they do.
What were the findings of cross-cultural tests of Piaget’s stage theory?
- The general cognitive abilities occur in the same order across cultures.
- Children acquire many cognitive skills/concepts at an earlier age.
- Cognitive development within each stage seems to proceed inconsistently.
- Culture influences cognitive development.
- Cognitive development is more complex and variable than Piaget proposed.
What is the zone of proximal development?
The difference between what a child can do independently and what a child can do with assistance from adults, or more advanced peers
What does the term theory of mind refer to?
Beliefs about the mind and the ability to understand other people’s mental states
Define emotion regulation.
The process by which we evaluate and modify our emotional reactions.
What is temperament?
A biologically based general style of reacting emotionally and behaviourally to the environment
What are psychosocial stages?
Sequence of eight developmental stages proposed by Erikson, each of which involves a different crisis over how we view ourselves.
What are Ericksons eight major psychosocial stages?
Basic trust vs basic mistrust
Autonomy vs shame and doubt
Initiative vs guilt
Industry vs inferiority
Identity vs role confusion
Intimacy vs isolation
Generativity vs stagnation
Integrity vs despair
What is imprinting?
In some species, a sudden, biologically primed form of attachment
Define attachment.
The strong, emotional bond that develops between children and their primary caregivers.
What are Bowlby’s three phases of attachment?
Indiscriminate attachment: reflexive behaviours that evoke caregiving
Discriminate attachment: attachment, behaviours directed toward familiar
Specific attachment behaviour: meaningful attachment to specific caregivers
What is Bowlby’s Strange Situation Test?
Standardized procedure for examining infant attachment we’re by an infant first plays with toys in their mothers presents and then is observed in the presence of a stranger.
What are Diana Baumrind’s two key dimensions of parental behaviour?
Warmth versus hostility
And
Restrictiveness versus permissiveness
Authoritative parents
Warm and restrictive. Associated with the most positive childhood outcomes.
Authoritarian parents
Hostile and restrictive. Children tend to have lower self-esteem, be less, popular, perform more poorly.
Indulgent parents
Warm and permissive. Caring but lack of guidance. Children tend to be immature and self-centered.
Neglectful parents.
Hostile and permissive. Children are likely to be insecurely attached, have low achievement motivation and disturbed relationships. Associated with the most negative developmental outcomes.
What is gender constancy?
Understanding that being male or female is a permanent part of a person.
What is the process of socialization?
Acquiring the beliefs, values and behaviours of a group
What is sex-typing?
Treating others differently, based on whether they are male or female
Kohlberg’s test of moral reasoning
Heinz’s dilemma. Kohlberg was interested not in peoples conclusions, but their reasons for moral judgment.
What is Kohlberg’s first level of moral reasoning and its two stages?
Level one: Preconventional
Stage 1: punishment/obedience orientation (obey rules and avoid punishment)
Stage 2: instrumental/hedonistic orientation (self-interested, seek rewards)
What is Kohlberg’s second level of moral reasoning and its two stages?
Level two: Conventional (conformity to the expectations of social groups, persons adopt other peoples values)
Stage 3: good child orientation (gaining approval and maintaining good relations with others)
Stage 4: law and order orientation (doing ones duty showing respect for authority and maintaining social order)
What is Kohlberg’s third level of moral reasoning and its two stages?
Level 3: postconventional (moral principles that are well thought out and part of one’s beliefs and value system)
Stage 5: social contract orientation (societal principles, community welfare, individual rights, laws can be modified when they loose social utility)
Stage 6: universal ethical principles (abstract, ethical principles, based on justice equality, following ones conscience)
