CH 10

Question 1

Define Intelligence.

Answer 1

Individual differences in the ability to acquire knowledge, to think and reason effectively, and deal adaptively with the environment.

Question 2

Name two scientists, who played seminal roles in the study and measurement of mental skills.

Answer 2

Sir Francis Galton and Alfred Binet.

Question 3

As the result of Binet’s mental skills measurement, what is “mental age”?

Answer 3

The mental level at which a child is performing as determined by a “standardized interview” in which the child response to a series of questions.

Question 4

What is the psychometric approach?

Answer 4

The study of the statistical properties of psychological tests; the psychometric approach to intelligence focuses on the number and nature of abilities that define intelligence

Question 5

What is factor analysis?

Answer 5

A statistical technique that permits, a researcher to reduce a large number of measures to a small number of clusters or factors; it identifies the clusters of behaviour or test scores that are highly correlated with one another.

Question 6

What is Spearman’s g factor?

Answer 6

General intelligence, a component of intellectual performance

Question 7

What are Thurstone’s primary mental abilities?

Answer 7

Spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability, verbal meaning, memory, verbal fluency, and indicative reasoning; defined on the basis of his factor analysis of intelligence test items

Question 8

What is Crystallized Intelligence?

Answer 8

A subtype of general intelligence; intellectual abilities that depend on a store of information and the acquisition of particular skills

Question 9

What is fluid intelligence?

Answer 9

Subtype of general intelligence; the ability to deal with novel problem-solving situations for which personal experience does not supply a solution.

Question 10

What is the three-stratum theory of cognitive abilities?

Answer 10

Theory that supports three levels of mental skills— general, broad, and narrow— arranged in a hierarchal model

Question 11

What are cognitive process theories?

Answer 11

Approaches to intelligence that analyze the mental processes that underlie intelligent thinking.

Question 12

What is Robert Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence?

Answer 12

Distinguishes between analytical, practical and creative forms of mental abilities

Question 13

What are metacomponents?

Answer 13

Higher-order processes used to plan and regulate task performance

Question 14

What are performance components?

Answer 14

The actual mental processes used to perform a task

Question 15

What are knowledge-acquisition components?

Answer 15

They allow us to learn from our experience, store information in memory, and combine new insights with previously acquired information.

Question 16

What is emotional intelligence?

Answer 16

Ability to respond adaptively in the emotional realm by reading and responding appropriately to others’ emotions, to be aware of one’s own emotions and have the ability to control them, and to delay gratification

Question 17

What abilities are included in Gardner’s multiple intelligences?

Answer 17

1) linguistic intelligence
2) logical-mathematical
3) visualspatial
4) musical
5) bodily-kinaesthetic
6) interpersonal
7) intrapersonal
8) naturalistic

Question 18

Define psychological test.

Answer 18

A method for measuring individual differences related to some psychological construct, based on a sample of relevant behaviour obtained under standardized conditions.

Question 19

What is reliability in psychological testing?

Answer 19

The consistency with which a measure assesses a given characteristic

Question 20

What is test-retest reliability?

Answer 20

The extent to which scores on a presumably stable characteristic are consistent over time

Question 21

What is internal consistency?

Answer 21

The extent to which items within a psychological test correlate with one another, indicating that they are measuring a common characteristic.

Question 22

What is interjudge reliability?

Answer 22

The extent to which different observers or scorers agree in their scoring of a particular test or observed behaviour.

Question 23

What is construct validity?

Answer 23

The extent to which a test measures the psychological construct that it is purported to measure

Question 24

What is content validity?

Answer 24

The extent to which test items adequately sample the domain a test is supposed to measure

Question 25

What is criterion related validity?

Answer 25

The ability of test scores to correlate with meaningful criterion measures

Question 26

What is static testing?

Answer 26

A traditional approach to testing whereby very detailed instructions must be closely adhered to in order for all scores to be solely a reflection of their ability and not affected by varying stimulus situations

Question 27

What is dynamic testing?

Answer 27

The examiner gives respondent guided feedback on how to improve performance and observes how the person uses the information

Question 28

What is outcome bias?

Answer 28

the extent that a test underestimates a person’s true intellectual ability

Question 29

What is predictive bias?

Answer 29

a test bias that occurs if the test successfully predicts criterion measures for some groups but not for others.