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CHE 1111 > Ch. 11 Organic Molecules > Flashcards

Ch. 11 Organic Molecules Flashcards

1
Q

The study of compounds that contain the element carbon.

A

Organic chemistry

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2
Q

Organic chemicals affect virtually every aspect of our lives including what?

A 
Clothing
Food
Medicines
Gasoline
Refrigerants
Soaps
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3
Q

These are simple organic compounds do that contain just one or two carbon atoms.

A

Methane and ethanol

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4
Q

A natural gas formed by the decomposition of organic material millions of years ago.

A

Methane

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5
Q

The alcohol present in wine and other alcoholic beverages.

A

Ethanol

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6
Q

All organic compounds contain _____ atoms and most contain ____ atoms.

A

Carbon

Hydrogen

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7
Q

Carbon always forms ___ covalent bonds.

Hydrogen always forms ___ covalent bonds.

A

4

1

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8
Q

Carbon can form which types of bonds with other carbon atoms?

A

Single
Double
Triple

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9
Q

Some compounds have ____ of atoms and some compounds have rings.

A

Chains

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10
Q

Organic compounds may contain elements other than carbon and hydrogen. Any atom that is not carbon or hydrogen is called what?

A

Heteroatom

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11
Q

The common hereroatoms have non bonding lone pairs of electrons so that each atom is surrounded by ____ electrons.

A

8

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12
Q

The most stable arrangement of organic molecules keeps ___ as far away from ____ as possible.

A

Groups

Lone pairs

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13
Q

An atom surrounded by 2 groups is ____ and has a bond angle of ____.

A

Linear

180 degrees

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14
Q

An atom surrounded by 3 groups is _____ and has a bond angle of?

A

Trigonal planar

120 degrees

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15
Q

An atom surrounded by 4 groups and places these groups at the corners of a ____ which gives bond angles of approx. what?

A

Tetrahedral

109.5 degrees

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16
Q

A solid line describing the shapes of molecules indicates what?

A

Bonds in the plane

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17
Q

A wedge shape is used to show?

A

Bonds in front of the plane

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18
Q

A dashed line is used to represent?

A

Bonds behind the plane

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19
Q

An atom surrounded by ____ groups and 1 lone pair is ______ and has a bond angle of?

A

Trigonal pyramidal

Approx. 109.5 degrees

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20
Q

An atom bonded to oxygen with 2 lone pairs is said to be what shape and have what bond angle?

A

Bent shape

Approx. 109.5 degrees

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21
Q

These structures are most often used for a compound having a chain of atoms bonded together rather than a ring.

A

Condensed structure

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22
Q

What are the two rules of condensed structures?

A
  1. All atoms are drawn in but the two electron bond lines are generally omitted
  2. Lone pairs on heteroatoms are omitted.
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23
Q

In order to interpreter condensed structures it is best to start on the _____ side of the molecule and remember carbon atoms must have ___ bonds.

A

Left

4

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24
Q

These structures are used for organic compounds containing both rings and chains of atoms.

A

Skeletal structures

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25
What are the three rules for drawing skeletal structures?
1. Assume there is a Carbon atom at the junction of any two lines or at the end of a line 2. Assume there is enough hydrogen around each carbon to give it 4 bonds. 3. Draw in all heteroatoms and the hydrogen atoms directly bonded to them
26
An atom or a group of atoms with characteristic chemical and physical properties. They contain a heterogram, a multiple bond or sometimes both.
Functional groups
27
Functional groups determine a molecules what?
- shape - properties - type of reaction it undergoes
28
What are the 3 most common functional groups?
- hydrocarbons - compounds containing a single bond to a heteroatom - compounds containing a C=O group
29
These are compounds that only contain the elements of carbon and hydrogen.
Hydrocarbons
30
These contain only C-C single bonds and no functional group.
Alkanes
31
CH3CH3- ethane- is an example of what type of hydrocarbon?
Alkane
32
These form a C-C double bind as their functional group.
Alkenes
33
CH2=CH2 ethylene is an example of which type of hydrocarbon?
Alkenes
34
These form a C-C triple bind as their functional group.
Alkynes
35
HC_=CH acetylene is an example of which type of hydrocarbon?
Alkynes
36
This type of hydrocarbon contains a benzene ring, a six members ring with 3 double bonds.
Aromatic compounds
37
What are the 5 types of compounds containing a single bond to a heteroatom?
1. Alkyl halides 2. Alcohols 3. Ethers 4. Amines 5. Thiols
38
R-X structure X= F, Cl, Br, I x is a halo group
Alkyl halide
39
R-OH structure | -OH is a hydroxyl group
Alcohol
40
R-O-R structure | -OR is an alkoxy group
Ether
41
R-NH2 or R2NH or R3N structure | -NH2 is an amino group
Amine
42
R-SH structure | -SH is a sulthydryl group
Thiol
43
MAny different kinds of compounds containing a carbons oxygen double bond C=O is called what?
Carbonyl group
44
Carbonyl compounds include what 5 types of atoms?
1. Aldehydes 2. Ketones 3. Carboxylic Acids 4. Esters 5. Amides
45
The type of atom bonded to the carbonyl carbon, _____, ____ it a _____ determines the specific class of carbonyl compound.
Hydrogen, carbon or a heteroatom.
46
An _____ has a hydrogen atom bonded directly to the carbonyl carbon.
Aldehyde
47
A carboxylic acid contains an ____group bonded directly to the carbonyl carbon.
-OH
48
An ester contains an ____ group bonded directly to the carbonyl atom.
OR group
49
This is the force that exists between molecules.
Intermolecular force
50
In organic compounds the intermolecular force is much ____ than those seen in ionic compounds which are held together by very strong interactions of oppositely charged ions.
Weaker
51
Organic compounds remember other covalent compounds in that they have a much lower _____ point and ____ points than ionic compounds.
Melting point | Boiling point
52
Ionic compounds are typically in which physical state?
Solids
53
Organic compounds are typically in which physical state?
Liquid | Some gases
54
Polarity is determined by which two factors?
1. Polarity of individual bonds | 2. Overall shape of the molecule
55
Polarity of an individual bond depends on the ____ of the atoms that form it.
Electronegativity
56
This measures how much a particles atoms “want” the electron density in a bond.
Electronegativity
57
A covalent bond is non-polar when?
2 atoms of identical or similar electronegativity are joined together. C-C and C-H bonds are non-polar
58
A covalent bond is polar when?
Atoms of different electronegativity are joined together. This bonds between carbon and common heteroatom (N, O and halogens) are polar bonds.
59
The symbol o+ is given to ____ electronegative atoms. | Usually C or H
Less
60
The symbol o- is given to the ___ electronegative atom. Usually N O ora halogen.
More
61
Hydrocarbons contain only ____ bonds making them _____ molecules.
Nonpolar | Nonpolar
62
If the individual bond dipoles cancel in a molecule the molecule is _____.
Nonpolar
63
If the individual bond dipoles do no cancel then the molecule is ____.
Polar
64
“Like dissolves like” describes what?
Solubility
65
What are 3 facts that describe solubility of organic compounds?
1. Most organic compounds are soluble in organic solvents. 2. Hydrocarbons and other nonpolar organic compounds are not soluble in water. 3. Polar organic compounds are water soluble only if they are small (less than 6 carbons) and contain a nitrogen or oxygen atom that can hydrogen bond with water
66
Most organic compounds are soluble in organic ______.
Solvents
67
Hydrocarbons and other nonpolar organic compounds are not ____ in water.
Soluble
68
Polar organic compounds are water soluble only if they are _____ (less than 6 carbons) and contain a nitrogen or oxygen atom that can hydrogen bond with water
Small
69
Which compounds exhibit the principles of solubility?
- hexane - ethanol - cholesterol
70
These are organic compounds needed in small amounts for normal cell function.
Vitamins
71
Vitamins are classified on the basis of their _____ properties.
Solubility
72
This type of vitamin dissolve in organic solvent but are insoluble in water.
Fat soluble vitamins
73
This type of vitamin dissolves in water and has many polar bonds.
Water soluble vitamins.
74
This is an essential component of the vision receptor in the eyes. It helps maintain the health of mucous membranes and the skin.
Vitamin A
75
- This type of vitamin contains 20 carbons and a single OH group making it water soluble. - Because it is organic, it is soluble in organic medium.
Vitamin A
76
This is important in the function of collagen- a protein that forms the connective tissues of the skin, muscle, and blood vessels. - it has 6 carbons and 6 oxygen atoms making it water soluble.
Vitamin C

CHE 1111 (9 decks)

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