Ch. 10 Nuclear Chemistry Flashcards
Involves the subatomic particles of the nucleus
Nuclear reactions
of protons in the nucleus
Atomic number Z
of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
Mass number A
Carbon naturally has ____ protons but the number of neutrons May be 5,7 or 8. This mass number can be 12, 13, 14
6
Unstable and spontaneously emits energy to form a more stable nucleus.
Radioactive isotope (radioisotope)
The nuclear radiation emitted spontaneously by an unstable radioactive isotope.
Radioactivity
What are the different types of radiation emitted when a radioactive nucleus is converted to a more stable nucleus.
- Alpha particles
- Beta particles
- Positrons
- Gamma radiation
This is a high energy particle with 2 protons and 2 neutrons. Has an element symbol for helium and a +2 charge. 4/2He
Alpha particle
This is a high energy electron. Has a mass # of 0 and a charge of -1.
0/-1e
Beta particle
How is a beta particle formed?
It is formed when a neutron is converted to a proton and electron
This is called an anti particle of beta because their charges are different but their masses are the same. It has a +1 charge and 0 mass.
0/+1e
Positron
This is high energy radiation released from a radioactive nucleus. This form of energy has no mass or charge.
Gamma rays
The process by which an unstable radioactive nucleus emits radiation forming a nucleus of new composition.
Radioactive decay
The equation for radioactive decay includes what parts?
Original nucleus
New nucleus
Radiation emitted.
What must be balanced in a radioactive decay equation?
The mass # and atomic # must be equal on both sides.
The decay of a nucleus by emitting an alpha particle.
Alpha emissions
The decay of a nucleus by emitting a beta particle.
Beta emission
When a beta particle is emitted what is in the new nucleus?
The new nucleus has one more proton and 1 less neutron than the original nucleus. The mass # is constant.
The decay of a nucleus by emitting a positron.
Positron emission
When a positron is emitted what is in the new nucleus?
The new nucleus has one fewer proton and one more neutron than the original nucleus. The mass # is constant.
The decay of a nucleus by emitting a gamma ray.
Gamma emission
What are the changes to an element after gamma radiation?
Because it is an emission of energy there are no changes to mass or atomic #.
The time it takes for one half of a radioactive isotope sample to decay.
Half life
The half life of a radioactive isotope is a property of a given isotope and is independent of _____, ______, and ______.
- The amount of sample
- Temperature
- Pressure
Archeologists use the half life of _____ to determine the age of carbon containing material derived from plants or animals.
Carbon-14
The half life of carbon-14 is?
5730 years
A small portable device used for measuring radioactivity. It is a tube filled with Arvin gas that is ionized when it comes into contact with nuclear radiation.
Geiger counter
The amount of radioactively in a sample is measured by the number of _____ that decay per unit of Time, disintegration’s per second.
Nuclei
What is the most common unit for measuring the radioactivity in a sample?
Cutie (Ci)
What are smaller units derived from the curie (Ci)
(mCi) microcure
(mCi) millicurie
One curie is how many disintegration’s per second.
3.7*10^10 disintegration’s per second
How many millicurie are 1 Curie?
1000mCI
How many microcurie are 1 Curie?
1,000,000 microcurie
What SI unit also measures radioactivity?
Bequerel Bq
1 Ci =_____ Bq
3.7x10^10
Cells that are most sensitive to radiation are those that _____?
undergo rapid cell division
Which types of cells are most sensitive to radiation?
- Bone marrow
- Reproductive organs
- Skin
- Intestinal tract
Which particle is the heaviest of the radioactive particles and is the slowest and penetrates the least?
Alpha Particles
Which particle move quickly since it has a negligible mass? It can penetrate into body tissue.
Beta Particles
Which particle travels the fastest and readily penetrates body tissues? Lead shielding is required to halt penetration.
Gamma rays
This is the amount of radiation absorbed by one gram of a substance. The amount of energy varies with both the nature of the substance and the type of radiation.
rad-Radiation Absorbed Dose
This is the amount of radiation that also factors in its energy and potential to damage tissue. 1 of this type of radiation produces the same amount of tissue damage.
rem- radiation equivalent for man
How many rad is 1 Gray?
100rad = 1 Gray
How many rem is 1 sievert?
100 rem = 1 sievert
This is the lethal dose that kills 50% of a population? Entire population?
500 rems in humans
600 rems for entire population
What are radioactive isotopes used for in medicine?
For both diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.
What is the use of radioactive isotopes in diagnostics?
To determine if an organ is functioning properly or to detect the presence of a tumor. The isotopes are ingested or injected and the radiation it emits can be used to produce a scan.
What is technetium-99 used for in diagnostic medicine?
- Function of gallbladder and bile ducts
- Identifying site of abnormal bleeding
- Bone scans for metastatic cancer
What is thallium-201 used for in diagnostic medicine?
- Stress tests to diagnose coronary artery disease
- Found in areas of the heart with poor blood supply
What is radioactive isotopes used for in medical treatments?
The high energy radiation emitted by radioisotopes can be used to kill rapidly dividing tumor cells. It can either be ingested or a radiation source external to the body.
This uses radioisotopes that emit positrons when the nulceus decays. Once formed, a positron combines with an electron to form two gamma rays which create a scan of an organ.
Positron Emission Tomography (PET scan)
What are common isotopes used in a PET scan?
Carbon-11
Oxygen-15
Nitrogen- 13
Fluorine- 18
This is the splitting apart of a heavy nucleus into lighter nuclei and neutrons. It is he nuclear reactions used in nuclear power plants.
Nuclear Fission
This is the joining together of two light nuclei to form a larger nucleus. These are the nuclear reactions that take place in the sun.
Nuclear Fusion
When uranium-235 is bombarded by a neutron it undergoes nuclear fission and splits apart into which two lighter nuclei?
Krypton-91
Barium-142
Each neutron prodced during fission can go on to bombard 3 other uranium-235 nuclei to produce more nuclei and more neutrons. This is known as what?
Chain reaction
A sufficient amount of uranium-235 needed to sustain a chain reaction. When this amount is present the chain reaction occurs over and over again and an atomic explosion occurs.
Critical Mass
This occurs when two light nuclei join together to form a larger nucleus.
Nuclear Fusion
What are 3 types of medical imaging without radioactivity?
- X-rays
- CT
- MRI
