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PSY 100 > ch 11 - lifespan development > Flashcards

ch 11 - lifespan development Flashcards

1
Q

What accumulates over the life span?

A

Epigenetic influences accumulate over the life span.

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2
Q

What is continuity in development?

A

Continuity: development proceeds gradually and smoothly over time.

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3
Q

What is discontinuity in development?

A

Discontinuity: development changes more abruptly from one stage to the next.

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4
Q

What do psychologists taking the universal approach seek?

A

age-related behaviours found across the entire human species

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5
Q

What do psychologists taking the ecological view emphasize?

A

influences of environment and culture on development

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6
Q

What is pruning in neural development?

A

Pruning is the process in which unused or unnecessary neurons and synapses are eliminated to enable more efficient neural processing.

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7
Q

What principle does the nervous system develop under?

A

The nervous system develops using the ‘use it or lose it’ principle.

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8
Q

What happens to myelination during childhood?

A

Myelination increases during childhood.

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9
Q

In what two directions does motor development proceed in childhood?

A
  • head-to-toe direction
  • from the midline outward.
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10
Q

When do children begin to prefer sex-typed toys?

A

between the ages of 12 and 18 months.

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11
Q

What is Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?

A

Cognitive abilities develop through regular stages.

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12
Q

What is assimilation in Piaget’s theory?

A
  • when we take in new information (new schemas) and fit it into what we already know (pre-existing schemas)
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13
Q

What is accommodation in Piaget’s theory?

A

Accommodation: the incorporation of new learning into an existing schema that requires revision of the schema.

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14
Q

What is equilibration in Piaget’s theory?

A

Equilibration: the process by which a child engages in assimilation and accommodation to make sense of the world.

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15
Q

What characterizes the sensorimotor stage?

A

The sensorimotor stage begins at birth until 2 years of age, focusing on the here and now.

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16
Q

What are circular reactions in the sensorimotor stage?

A

Circular reactions are repetitive actions observed in children during the sensorimotor stage.

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17
Q

What is object permanence?

A

Object permanence is the ability to form mental representations of objects that are no longer present.

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18
Q

What characterizes the preoperational stage?

A

The preoperational stage begins at 2 years and ends at 6 years, characterized by use of symbols and egocentrism.

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19
Q

What is conservation in cognitive development?

A

Conservation is the ability to understand that changing the form or appearance of an object does not change its quantity.

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20
Q

What characterizes the concrete operational stage?

A

The concrete operational stage occurs between 6-12 years old and is characterized by logical but not abstract thinking.

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21
Q

What characterizes the formal operational stage?

A

The formal operational stage begins at 12 years and extends through adulthood, characterized by mature reasoning capabilities.

22
Q

What are criticisms of Piaget’s theory?

A

Criticisms include reduced interest in individual differences and underestimating the capabilities of young children.

23
Q

What did Lev Vygotsky emphasize in child development?

A

Lev Vygotsky stressed the role of culture and cultural differences in the development of the child.

24
Q

What is the zone of proximal development?

A

The zone of proximal development refers to tasks that children could learn to do with assistance.

25
Q

What is scaffolding in learning?

A

Scaffolding is when a parent or teacher provides guidance that matches the learner’s needs.

26
Q

How does information processing change during childhood?

A

The overall rate of processing information increases during childhood.

27
Q

What is theory of mind (TOM)?

A

Theory of mind is the understanding that others have thoughts different from one’s own.

28
Q

What are Mary Rothbart’s categories of temperament?

A

1) Surgency or extraversion, 2) Negative affect, 3) Effortful control.

29
Q

What is secure attachment?

A

Secure attachment is a pattern of bonding where children explore confidently and return for reassurance.

30
Q

What is insecure attachment?

A

Insecure attachment is characterized as less desirable for the child’s outcomes than secure attachment.

31
Q

What is authoritative parenting?

A

Authoritative parenting is high parental support and high behavioral regulation.

32
Q

What is authoritarian parenting?

A

Authoritarian parenting is low parental support and high behavioral regulation.

33
Q

What is indulgent parenting?

A

Indulgent parenting is high parental support and low behavioral regulation.

34
Q

What is uninvolved parenting?

A

Uninvolved parenting is low parental support and low behavioral regulation.

35
Q

What marks the beginning of adolescence?

A

Adolescence begins at puberty and ends at young adulthood.

36
Q

What are secondary sex characteristics?

A

Secondary sex characteristics are physical changes occurring at puberty associated with sexual maturity.

37
Q

How do teen brains respond to pleasure?

A

Teen brains respond more vigorously to pleasure than adult brains.

38
Q

What are Kohlberg’s stages of moral reasoning?

A

1) Preconventional Morality, 2) Conventional Morality, 3) Postconventional Morality.

39
Q

What is identity formation in adolescence?

A

Identity is a consistent, unified sense of self.

40
Q

How do family and peer influences affect teens?

A

Teens tend to want to spend more time with peers and less with family.

41
Q

longitudinal study/design

A
  • Data from the same group of participants is
    collected at intervals across a long
    period of time (e.g., decades!)
42
Q

cross sectional study/design

A
  • Data is obtained simultaneously from
    participants of different ages in
    order to make age-related
    comparisons
43
Q

egocentrism

A
  • limitations on the ability to understand the POV of other people
44
Q

false belief test/sally-ann test

A
  • a type of task used in theory of mind studies in which children must infer that another person does not possess knowledge that they possess
  • when sally puts a ball in a basket, sally goes out for a walk and ann takes the ball out
  • ann puts the ball in a box
  • when sally comes back ann would think that sally would look for the ball in the box
45
Q

orienting reflex

A
  • an automatic reaction to a novel or significant stimulus in the environment
  • a fundamental part of how babies explore and learn about their environment, and it’s tied to their sensory and cognitive development
  • basically when a stimulus catches a baby’s attention and motivates it to figure it out
46
Q

erickson’s psychosocial development

A
  • First lifespan theory of development
  • Every “stage” of identity features a developmental challenge that must be confronted in order to successfully progress
  • ex: Trust vs. Mistrust (birth to 2 years): Is the world a safe place?, Identity vs. Role Confusion (adolescence): Who am I?, Intimacy vs. Isolation (early adulthood): What type of partner/relationships do I want?
47
Q

synaptic pruning

A
  • the process where the brain eliminates extra neurons and synapses
  • enables more efficient neural processing
48
Q

primary circular reaction

A
  • involve infant’s own body, e.g. a baby accidentally placing a finger in their mouth, sucking on it, then doing it again
  • *sensorimotor stage
49
Q

secondary circular reaction

A
  • involve objects, e.g. sucking on teethers or kicking at toys
  • *sensorimotor stage
50
Q

tertiary circular reactions

A
  • trial and error experimentation
  • *sensorimotor stage

PSY 100 (7 decks)

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