Ch 11: Congenital Heart Disease

Question 1

The most common atrial septal defect (90%); It usually occurs in the middle portion of the septum

Answer 1

ostium secundum

Question 2

Atrial septal defect which occurs near the endocardial cushions and is associated with clefts in the leaflets of the mitral and/or tricuspid valve

Answer 2

ostium primium

Question 3

Which atrial septal defect is most associated with Down syndrome?

Answer 3

ostium primium

Question 4

Septal defects start off as ___ to ___ shunts

Answer 4

left to right shunts

Question 5

A previously asymptomatic patient with a history of an unrepaired ventricular septal defect presents with dyspnea, JVD, and cyanosis. Initial 1. ___ to ___ shunting led to 2.______ hypertension which led to increased 3____ ____ pressure, reversal of shunting, and the patient’s current symptoms

Answer 5

1. left to right
2. pulmonary
3. right ventricular

Question 6

The development of late cyanosis due to reversal of shunting from left-to-right to right-to-left is known as what syndrome?

Answer 6

Eisenmenger syndrome

Question 7

Hypertension in the upper extremities with low blood pressure and weak or absent pulses in the lower extremities are presenting symptoms of which congenital abnormality?

Answer 7

coarctation of the aorta

Question 8

With coarctation of the aorta the body tries to compensate for decreased blood flow by making use of the 1.____ circulation of the intercostal arteries. This typically presents as 2._____

Answer 8

1. collateral

2. notching or scalloping of the ribs

Question 9

Congenital defect presenting with early cyanosis where partitioning of the aortic and pulmonary trunks is absent or incomplete

Answer 9

Truncus arteriosus

Question 10

A patient has early cyanosis, squatting sometimes relieves their symptoms, and a chest x-ray shows a boot shaped heart. Which congenital defect associated with right-to-left shunting does this patient have?

Answer 10

Tetralogy of fallot

Question 11

The 4 main characteristics of tetralogy of fallot are

Answer 11

1. pulmonary stenosis
2. ventricular septal defect
3. dextroposition of the aorta
4. right ventricular hypertrophy

Question 12

Patent ductus arteriosus involves a left-to-right shunt between the 1.___ and ____ artery. It is most common in children whose mothers were infected early in pregnancy with 2___ virus

Answer 12

1. aorta and pulmonary artery

2. rubella virus

Question 13

Transposition of the great vessels results in hypertrophy of the 1.___ ventricle and atrophy of the 2.___ ventricle. It associated with maternal 3.____ and survival with this defect requires the presence of 4.___

Answer 13

1. right ventricle
2. left ventricle
3. diabetes
4. shunts

Question 14

Disorder characterized by irregular, opaque, gray white patches on the left ventricle endocardium as well as thickening of the LV endocardium

Answer 14

endocardial fibroelastosis

Question 15

Coarctation of the aorta is commonly found in conjunction with what valve disorder

Answer 15

Bicuspid Aortic Valve

More prone to valve changes later in life (dystrophic calcification/stenosis/regurge)