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Bioscience Class > Ch 11- Classes of Organic Compounds > Flashcards

Ch 11- Classes of Organic Compounds Flashcards

1
Q

What are the basic components of an organic compound?

A

Organic compounds consist of a carbon backbone and one or more functional groups.

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2
Q

What distinguishes hydrocarbons from other functional groups?

A

Hydrocarbon functional groups contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms.

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3
Q

Which hydrocarbon group is characterized by the presence of all single bonds?

A

Alkanes

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4
Q

How is an alkyl group formed from an alkane?

A

By removing one hydrogen atom from an alkane, forming a group represented as R.

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5
Q

Alkenes are hydrocarbons that contain a _______ bond between carbon atoms.

A

double

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6
Q

The _______ bond characterizes alkynes.

A

Triple carbon-carbon

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7
Q

Aromatic compounds often feature a _______ ring.

A

benzene

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8
Q

The functional group in an alcohol is the _______ group.

A

Hydroxyl (OH)

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9
Q

T/F: The ether functional group consists of an oxygen atom bonded to a single alkyl group.

A

False
The ether functional group consists of an oxygen atom bonded to two alkyl groups, which is why it is represented as R–O–R′.

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10
Q

T/F: Alkyl halides contain a halogen atom as their functional group, which can be fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine.

A

True

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11
Q

T/F: An amine functional group is derived by replacing all hydrogens in ammonia with alkyl groups.

A

False
Amines are derived from ammonia, but not all hydrogens need to be replaced; one, two, or three hydrogens can be replaced with alkyl groups, resulting in RNH2, R2NH, or R3N.

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12
Q

T/F: The carbonyl group consists of a carbon atom singly bonded to an oxygen atom.

A

False

A carbonyl group consists of a carbon atom doubly bonded to an oxygen atom, forming a strong, polar bond.

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13
Q

Q: What functional group is present in aldehydes?

a) R–OH
b) R(C = O)H
c) R–O–R′

A

b) R(C = O)H

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14
Q

Q: Which statement is true about ketones?

a) Ketones have a carbonyl group bonded to two hydrogen atoms.
b) Ketones have a carbonyl group bonded to two alkyl groups.
c) Ketones have a hydroxyl group bonded to a carbonyl group.

A

b) Ketones have a carbonyl group bonded to two alkyl groups.

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15
Q

What is the generic formula for a carboxylic acid?

a) R(C = O)H
b) RCO2H
c) R(C = O)OR′

A

b) RCO2H

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16
Q

What does an ester result from?

a) A reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol
b) A reaction between an aldehyde and an alcohol
c) A reaction between a carboxylic acid and an amine

A

a) A reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol

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17
Q

How can an amide be described in terms of its functional group?

A

An amide contains a nitrogen atom bonded to a carbonyl group, typically represented as R(C = O)NR2.

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18
Q

What is the functional group arrangement in a hemiacetal?

A

A hemiacetal features both an ether group and an alcohol group on the same carbon atom.

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19
Q

What happens when aldehydes react with excess alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst?

A

They form acetals, which are characterized by having two ether groups on the same carbon atom.

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20
Q

How is a ketal formed?

A

A ketal is formed when a ketone reacts with two alcohol molecules in the presence of an acid catalyst, resulting in a compound with two ether groups attached to the same carbon atom.

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21
Q

A _______ bond characterizes the functional group in a carboxylic acid.

A

Carbonyl (C=O) bonded to a hydroxyl (OH)

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22
Q

A generic ester may be represented as _______.

A

R(C = O)OR′

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23
Q

Amides are condensation products of a _______ and an amine

A

Carboxylic acid

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24
Q

In the reaction to form an amide, _______ is released as a byproduct.

A

Water (H2O)

25
Q

T/F: A ketone reacts with one alcohol molecule to form a hemiacetal.

A

False

A ketone reacts with one alcohol molecule to form a hemiketal, not a hemiacetal. Hemiacetals are formed from aldehydes.

26
Q

T/F: Esters can be written as RCOOR′ or RCO2R′.

A

True

27
Q

T/F: The acetal functional group contains two hydroxyl groups on the same carbon atom.

A

False

The acetal functional group contains two ether groups on the same carbon atom, not hydroxyl groups.

28
Q

T/F: In the presence of an acid catalyst, aldehydes can form hemiacetals with one alcohol molecule.

A

True

29
Q

Which functional group is found in amides?

a) R(C = O)NR2
b) R–OH
c) R(C = O)OR′

A

R(C = O)NR2

30
Q

How are ketals different from acetals?

a) Ketals have two ether groups attached to the same carbon, while acetals have two hydroxyl groups.
b) Ketals are formed from ketones, while acetals are formed from aldehydes.
c) Ketals contain a hydroxyl group and an ether group, while acetals contain two hydroxyl groups.

A

b) Ketals are formed from ketones, while acetals are formed from aldehydes.

31
Q

What happens in a condensation reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol?

a) An amide is formed
b) An ester is formed
c) A ketone is formed

A

b) An ester is formed

32
Q

What byproduct is released during the formation of an ester from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol?

a) Ammonia (NH3)
b) Water (H2O)
c) Carbon dioxide (CO2)

A

b) Water (H2O)

33
Q

Describe the general structure of a carboxylic acid.

A

A carboxylic acid has a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to a hydroxyl group (OH), typically written as RCOOH or RCO2H.

34
Q

What functional group is present in ethers, and how are they typically represented?

A

Ethers contain an oxygen atom bonded to two alkyl groups, represented as R–O–R′.

35
Q

What characterizes an aromatic compound’s structure?

A

Aromatic compounds typically contain a benzene ring, a hexagonal ring with alternating double bonds.

36
Q

How can an amide be represented generically?

A

As R(C = O)NR2, where the R groups on nitrogen may be alkyl groups or hydrogens.

37
Q

The reaction between a carboxylic acid and an amine produces an amide and _______ as a byproduct.

A

Water (H2O)

38
Q

A _______ is formed when a ketone reacts with one alcohol molecule.

A

Hemiketal

39
Q

The functional group of a hemiacetal includes both a _______ group and an ether group on the same carbon.

A

Hydroxyl (OH)

40
Q

Aromatic compounds, like benzene, are known for their _______ ring structure.

A

Resonance-stabilized

41
Q

T/F: Aromatic compounds are characterized by a carbon-carbon double bond.

A

False

Aromatic compounds are characterized by a benzene ring, which is a resonance-stabilized ring with alternating single and double bonds, not just a simple carbon-carbon double bond.

42
Q

what are the two classes of local anesthesics

A

amides and esters

43
Q

Examples of local anesthetic (Amides)

A

Two I’s- bupivacaine, lidocaine, prilocaine

44
Q

Examples of local anesthetic- esters

A

ONE 👁, benzocaine, procaine (higher risk of allergies)

45
Q

which is more flexible- double carbon bond or single carbon bond

A

C-C single bond

46
Q

what is the difference between cis and trans

A

Cis- R groups on the same side

Trans- R groups on opposite sides

47
Q

what is phenol

A

Alcohol with aromatic ring

48
Q

what are most inhaled anesthetics?

A

Ethers (halogenated)

49
Q

what is a carbonyl functional group

A

Carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom

50
Q

functional groups based on water

A

ethers and alcohols

51
Q

Which compounds are group 1 hydrocarbons?

A

alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic rings

52
Q

Which compounds are group 2?(based on water)

A

alcohol and ether

53
Q

Which group does an amine belong to?

A

Group 2

54
Q

Which are group 3- carbonyl function group?

A

Ketones, carboxylic acid, ester, amide

55
Q

which classes come from aldehydes?

A

esters and amides

56
Q

most common inhaled anesthetic?

A

alkyl halide or kalokene

57
Q

What do halides consist of

A

F, Cl, Br, I

58
Q

Esters result of condensation reactions of ____ and ______

A

carboxylic acid and alcohol

59
Q

amides result of condensation reactions of __________ and ___________ .

A

carboxylic acid and an amine

Bioscience Class (3 decks)

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